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Fall 2013- 710 Research > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

0
Q

Criterion–related validity is defined as which of the following?

A

Criterion-related validity: The validity of the measurement is established by comparing it to either a different measurement often considered to be a “gold standard” or data obtained by different forms of testing. Examples of criterion-related validity include:

Concurrent validity: A form of criterion-related validity in which an interpretation is justified by comparing a measurement to a “gold standard” measurement at approximately the same time.

Predictive validity: A form of criterion-related validity in which the measurement is considered to be valid because it is predictive of a future behavior or event.

Prescriptive validity: A form of criterion-related validity in which the measurement suggests the form of treatment the person should receive. The prescriptive validity of the measurement is judged based on the successful outcome of the treatment.

Wrong answer: the ability of a test to show associations between concepts that are different

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1
Q

A single subject design is listed as:

A-B-A-C-A-D-A, it is best described as which of the following?

A

Repeated measure, three intervention

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2
Q

A researcher takes his/her population and selects subjects according to a random numbers table. This type of sampling is termed which of the following?

A

Simple random sampling

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3
Q

Surveys and questionnaires collect which of the following types of data?

A

Subjective

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4
Q

Alternate forms of a measure can provide a protection against which threat to validity?

A

Practice effects

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5
Q

A Delphi survey differs from a typical questionnaire in which of the following ways?

A

Wrong answer: analysis of the responses allows for all statistical tests

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6
Q

The response to Likert scale question is called which of the following scales?

A

Wrong answer: nominal scale

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7
Q

“triangulation” is a term used in qualitative research. Explain in no more than two sentences what triangulation is and in what phase of the research process it is used.

A

-

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8
Q

Which of the following is the best definition of exploratory research?

A

Wrong answer: the observation of outcomes of multiple factors that affect patients lives

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9
Q

When subjects are chosen for a sample on the basis of availability which of the following sampling techniques is being used?

A

Convenience sampling

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10
Q

A DPT student has selected a condition to analyze for her terminal project. She will use the completed medical records of five patients with the condition as the basis for the analysis. This type of research is best termed which of the following?

A

Case series

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11
Q

A researcher is evaluating the impact of different intensities of exercise on strength improvement. Using the FITT model, frequency, time, and type of exercise are consistent and three different intensities are being used with three cohorts. Which of the following terms best describes this dose-response relationship study?

A

Wrong answer: methodological

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12
Q

Low statistical power is a threat under which type of experimental validity?

A

Wrong answer: external validity

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13
Q

The errors of measurement due to chance is represented Best by which of the following terms?

A

Random error

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14
Q

Which of the following is an appropriate research question?

A

Can physical therapists function effectively as case managers for patients with osteoporosis following a fracture as measured by time to additional fracture?

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15
Q

Correlational studies do which of the following?

A

Wrong answer: Establish cause-and-effect of the variable of interest

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16
Q

Content validity is best described as which of the following?

A

Content validity: The degree to which a measurement reflects the meaningful elements of a construct and the items in a test adequately reflect the content domain of interest and not extraneous elements.

Wrong answer: the quality of a test that it it appears to test/measure what it is supposed to test/measure (this is face validity)

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17
Q

A group of researchers is proposing a study to look at factors associated with professionalism and physical therapist. They have proposed to study the class of 2015 over the next 20 years. The study design is best term which of the following?

A

Longitudinal

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18
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the purpose of theory?

A

A set of interrelated concepts, definitions, or propositions that specifies relationships among variables and represents a systematic be a specific phenomena

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19
Q

Gold standards and reference standards are used to establish which of the following types of validity?

A

Criterion-related validity: The validity of the measurement is established by comparing it to either a different measurement often considered to be a “gold standard” or data obtained by different forms of testing.

Wrong answer: Norm-reference validity

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20
Q

Identifying exclusion criteria prior to selecting subjects for research study is a method to control for which of the following?

A

Confounding factors

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21
Q

A determination of good reliability would be made when the reliability coefficient is below what level?

A

0.75-1.00

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22
Q

Any randomize control trial examining a weight-loss intervention, some of the participants in the intervention group began asking some of the participants in the no intervention control group if they would be an exercise buddy. This presents a threat to which type of the validity?

A

History

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23
Q

Researchers have collected data on a large, random population of 4-5 year-old children to determine motor function milestones. This type of research design is best described as which of the following?

A

Descriptive research: Recording, analyzing, and interpreting conditions that exist for the purpose of classification and understanding a clinical phenomenon. Examples include developmental research, normative research, qualitative research, case report, and case series.

Wrong answer: exploratory

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24
Q

Which of the following threats to internal validity would be a situation whereby an elderly subject drops out of an aerobic exercise study when she developed angina while exercising?

A

Attrition

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25
Q

A clinician wants to use a new measure reported in a research report with a current patient, but is worried about floor and ceiling effects. For the clinician to determine if the measure can be effectively use with their patient from the research report which of the following must be reported?

A

Wrong answer: minimally clinically important difference

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26
Q

“Measurement” is defined as…

A

The numeral or category assigned to an object, event, or person according to pre-set rules

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27
Q

A researcher followed a single PT class through their DPT studies and has written a paper describing the educational experience based on the observations of the class interactions, various artifacts, and interviews of many individuals. The best and most specific descriptor for this type of design would be which of the following?

A

Wrong answer: case study

28
Q

All the following advantages of using a written questionnaire to cut data except which one?

A

Wrong answer: standardize format protects against researcher bias

29
Q

A researcher is unable to use random assignment and must designate one clinic as an experimental setting and another as a control setting. Which of the following is a best approach to enhance internal validity of the study?

A

Match participants in the two settings on important client characteristics

30
Q

The TUG has which of the following types of validity as related to the risk of falls?

A

Predictive validity

31
Q

Procedures used to protect internal validity often conflict with the external validity and vice versa. Recognizing this conflict, the process of examining that efficacy of an intervention from both an internal and external validity perspective usually follows which process?

A

An emphasis on internal validity protections first and then consider external validity threats

32
Q

The aim of this study is to develop a new tool to determine risk for osteoporosis. The term to describe this type of study is which of the following?

A

Wrong answer: validity

33
Q

Another term for homogeneity in data is which of the following terms?

A

Internal consistency

34
Q

Which research design documents conditions, attitudes, or characteristics of individuals or groups?

A

Qualitative research design

35
Q

Which of the following best describes the sampling in a case-control study?

A

Wrong answer: One group with all the subjects acting as their own control

36
Q

Which of the following is the major difference between true experimental and quasi–experimental designs?

A

Wrong answer: lack of randomization

37
Q

The physical therapist has instructed the patient with balance issues due to poor hip strategies to use a walker and a step to gate keeping the walker in front of the body for ambulation. The patient, however, on the second visit is using a step to gate pattern walking up to the walker. The PT explained to the patient that the therapist way is best and that is why the patient is paying for their expertise. The knowledge is used by the PT to help the patient understand would be which of the following?

A

Authority

38
Q

Survey and questionnaire items may be posted to subjects in all of the following ways except which method?

A

Direct observation

39
Q

Nonprobability samples are created through all of the following sampling processes except which one?

A

Random selection

40
Q

Research involving human subjects requires that each subject the appropriately informed and consents to participation in the research study. Which of the following is non-element of informed consent required by federal law when conducting research involving human subjects?

A

Disclosing the research hypothesis is for the study

41
Q

A type of interview in which the interviewer has a fixed agenda is termed which of the following:

A

Structured

42
Q

Rasch analysis is used with which type of data?

A

Wrong answer: ratio

43
Q

Which of the following should be a priority for consideration when a researcher wants to maximize construct validity of an experimental design?

A

Wrong answer: statistical power analysis

44
Q

Minimally clinical important difference indicates that amount of change in scale points that must occur to determine that change is meaningful in a test.

A

True

45
Q

When multiple interventions are being administered in a sequential order with each subject getting a different order of interventions, the researcher has designed protections for threats of which of the following effects?

A

Order effects

46
Q

In order to determine true cause and effect between the independent and dependent variables is important that the instrument of measurement display which of the following characteristics?

A

Wrong answer: predictability

47
Q

A DPT student has selected a condition to analyze first terminal project. He will use the complete medical records of the patient with the condition as a basis for the analysis. This type the research is best termed which the following?

A

Wrong answer: single subject

48
Q

Which of the following is ultimately responsible and accountable for the protection of human subjects in a research study?

A

Primary investigator

49
Q

For a study on attitudes of the athletic trainers towards the DPT, the researcher randomly selected 10 different states, and then 10 different practice sites and interviewed the two ATC’s from each practice site. This type of sampling is called which of the following?

A

Cluster sampling

50
Q

When selecting an instrument to use measuring cognitive status at a given point in time, the instrument should have which of the following types of validity?

A

Wrong answer: Concurrent validity

51
Q

The researcher has stated his hypothesis as the following: there will be a greater level and perceived learning between students enrolled in online courses then those enrolled in on-campus courses. This is an example of which of the following types of hypothesis?

A

Directional hypothesis

52
Q

In selecting an assessment measure to use on a patient to determine the need for additional therapy, the patient therapist should select a measure with which of the following types of validity?

A

Wrong answer: criterion-related validity

53
Q

Any research study, the need to describe how a specific concept is to be interpreted is termed which of the following?

A

Wrong answer: Conceptual definition

54
Q

A randomized controlled trial is the strongest design for clinical decision-making because it provides protection against all threats to validity.

A

True

55
Q

The measurement of the effects of the interventions on functional limitation or disablement is termed which of the following?

A

Outcome

56
Q

Which of the following is an open ended question to elicit an opinion or attitude?

A

Wrong answer: do you like vacations?

57
Q

A PT researcher has developed a test for observational gate analysis and administers the new test at the same time as a computerized the analysis in order to measure which type of validity for the new test?

A

Concurrent validity

58
Q

A researcher has completed a research project on the health disparities of Hispanic males between the ages of 14-18 years. Results of the study would be an example of what you following?

A

wrong answer: intraclass correlation

59
Q

The researchers were interested in developing criteria to protect success for applicants and graduate program. They reviewed applications, transcripts, and grades of students admitted over the past four years. To document predictors. Which of the following best describes this type of study?

A

Retrospective

60
Q

The physical therapist has instructed the patient to use a cane in the hand opposite that involved extremity. The patient, however, on the second visit is using the cane in the hand of the side of the involvement. The patient explains he feels safer using it this way. The PT tries to convince the patient to change their way of using the cane by explaining that using the cane in the hand opposite the side opposite the problem is the way all physical therapist do it. The knowledge used by the patient to justify their way would be which of the following?

A

Tradition

61
Q

In a study where the intervention is designed to improve handwriting skills the intervention group receives time and attention from the occupational therapist while the control group does not seeing occupational therapist. This threat to validity to the experimental group is often referred to as?

A

Hawthorne effect

62
Q

A study designed to determine the use of vitamins among elderly patients was conducted into separate clinics. In clinic A, data was collected by paper questionnaire without assistance. And clinic be, the questionnaire was administered by researcher who read the questions to the patients. The use of two different data collection methods produces which type of bias in the study?

A

Wrong answer: researcher bias, recall bias

63
Q

A type of question that presents to extreme opposites on a continuum is called which of the following?

A

Wrong answer: Likert scale

64
Q

One benefit of a large sample that exceeds the minimum power analysis size is that it:

A

Enhances the external validity of the study

65
Q

A researcher wants to design a study to explain her. Of how participating in volunteer work impacts development of a personal ethical code. The research. Design that would best allow a theory to be described is called which of the following?

A

Grounded theory

66
Q

Which of the following describes clinical research?

A

All of the above

67
Q

List at least five things that must be included in a research informed consent form.

A

Consent form, right to withdrawl, purpose of the study, potential risks and benefits, signature

Fall 2013- 710 Research (11 decks)

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