Exam 2

Question 1

A researcher takes his population, separates into 4 classes by specific characteristics and then takes a random sample from each class. This type of sample is termed which of the following?

Answer 1

Proportional stratified sampling

Question 2

Systematic sampling:

Answer 2

pick a number like 10 by choice not randomly choosing number 10, then choose every 10th person; organized first in a pre-numbered list or alphabetically

Question 3

Simple random sampling:

Answer 3

population not organized first, random table of numbers

Question 4

Define sampling bias:

Answer 4

Occurs when the individuals selected for a sample over represent or underrepresent certain population attributes that are related to the phenomenon under study

Question 5

For your research you have identified 3 subjects that meet your inclusion criteria and then you ask each subject to recommend another person who also meets the inclusion criteria. You are using which of the following sampling techniques?

Answer 5

Snowball sampling

Question 6

Quota sampling:

Answer 6

identify specific class of inclusion criteria and select subjects so that all classes equally represented.

Question 7

Purposive sampling:

Answer 7

identify very specific inclusion criteria and personally hand select subjects who meet criteria

Question 8

Convenience sampling:

Answer 8

using a volunteer who responds to recruitment ads for research subjects.

Question 9

Research purpose also known as:

Answer 9

Research Objectives (also theses: specific aims, objective, hypothesis, purpose)

Question 10

Identify a research topic of interest you have in PT:

Answer 10

a TOPIC is a broad area!!! When you get too specific it is a PROBLEM. (ex. patient satisfaction or e-stim)

Question 11

In an experiment study factors that the researcher is unable to control are considered to be which of the following?

Answer 11

Limitations

Question 12

In order to determine true cause-and-effect between the independent and dependent variables it is important that the instrument of measurement display which of the following characteristics?

Answer 12

Responsiveness

Question 13

In research, a predictor variable is called the _____ variable, while the outcome variable is called the _____ variable.

Answer 13

independent, dependent

Question 14

Probability samples are created through what kind of sampling process?

Answer 14

random selection

Question 15

Non probability samples are created through all of the following sample processes except

Answer 15

RANDOM SELECTION

Question 16

The null hypothesis also called?

Answer 16

statistical hypothesis

Question 17

The research hypotheses is defined by which statement?

Answer 17

stating the researcher’s true expectation of results, guiding the interpretation of outcomes and conclusion

Question 18

The researcher has stated his hypothesis as the following: “There will be a greater level in perceived learning between students enrolled in online courses than those enrolled in on-campus courses.” This is an example of which of the following types of hypothesis?

Answer 18

Directional hypothesis (independent: teaching techniques)

Question 19

The statement “there will be a difference in…”, used in a hypothesis would indicate it is which of the following types of hypotheses?

Answer 19

Nondirectional hypothesis

Question 20

When a researcher presents his/her results in a presentation or publication, this is considered what?

Answer 20

Primary source

Question 21

Secondary source:

Answer 21

when a researcher presents information of another researcher’s study in a presentation or publication

Question 22

What is considered an operational definition?

Answer 22

Adult is defined as “a subject over the age of 18”

Operational definition: the need to describe how a specific concept is to be interested

Question 23

Which of the following statements best describes a population?

Answer 23

The defined aggregate of subjects who meet inclusion criteria

Question 24

“Measure” is defined as:

Answer 24

an empirical representation of an underlying concept or construct, the numeral or category assigned to an object, event, or person according to pre-set rules

Question 25

A PT researcher has developed a test for balance and administers the new test at the same time as the Berg Balance Scale to measure which type of validity?

Answer 25

Concurrent validity (test you have is concurrent with the gold standard or other tests that have are known to be valid)

Question 26

Face validity:

Answer 26

lowest level (there is NO HIGH LEVEL), you look at it and it “looks ok”. Ex) standing on one leg would predict good gait.

Question 27

What are the cut off scores for poor, moderate and good reliability?

Answer 27

0.75 good | no reliability = 0.10

Question 28

A researcher is completing a study to validate the cutoff scores from a new test on a different group of subjects, this type of study is termed which of the following?

Answer 28

Cross-validation

Question 29

Another term for homogeneity in data is which of the following?

Answer 29

Internal consistency

Question 30

Content validity is measured by which of the following methods?

Answer 30

Panel of experts

Question 31

A researcher asks fellow faculty to receive a questionnaire to verify content. This is an example of:

Answer 31

content validity

Question 32

Define “formative evaluation” in plain language:

Answer 32

assessment of a program during developmental stages to determine how it should be implemented and ongoing assessment of operation of the program.

Question 33

In measurement, what is meant by the term “measurement error”?

Answer 33

the difference between true value and observed value

Question 34

In measurement, what is the term “systematic error”?

Answer 34

Predictable yet consistent difference in measurement.

Question 35

A pt clinic has been using a specific hallway with distance markers as a track for doing 6 minute walk. The hallway was measured wrong. What type of error would it be if they fixed their data by adding the correct amount of feet to each answer to make the data correct?

Answer 35

Systematic error (consistent)

Question 36

In measurement, what is the definition of “reliability”?

Answer 36

the extent to which a measurement is consistent and free of error

Question 37

Define measurement:

Answer 37

the numerical or category assigned to an object event, or person according to pre-set rules.

Question 38

Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Gender

Answer 38

nominal scale

Question 39

Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Age

Answer 39

ratio scale or interval

Question 40

Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Systolic Blood pressure

Answer 40

interval

Question 41

Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Visual analog pain scale

Answer 41

interval

Question 42

Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Above standards, below standards

Answer 42

ordinal scale

Question 43

Match each of the following types of data with the level of measurement as it represents: Diagnosis

Answer 43

nominal

Question 44

MDD:

Answer 44

the smallest amount of difference that passes the threshold of error

Question 45

MCID:

Answer 45

indicates the amount of change in scale points that must occur to determine that change is meaningful in a test

Question 46

Specificity is also known as the:

Answer 46

true negative

Question 47

Specificity in measurement:

Answer 47

a tests ability to obtain negative test when the condition is absent

Question 48

Consistency is also known as:

Answer 48

reliability

Question 49

Patient’s scores are 12, 10, 14. They are reported as 12. What is this called?

Answer 49

Regression toward the mean

Question 50

The mathematical range of a reliability coefficient is:

Answer 50

0.00 to 1.00

Question 51

Patient cant complete test, has gotten worse:

Answer 51

floor effect

Question 52

Validity is consistent and does not change for a specific test/measurement:

Answer 52

false

Question 53

Screening for risk factors, the instrument should have which of the following?

Answer 53

Predictive validity

Question 54

“a statement of quality, goodness, merit, value, or worthiness about what has been assessed”

Answer 54

evaluation

Question 55

You have designed a study to investigate if student’s scores on a modalities test improve if students participate in a study group or not. Using only this info, the variable represented by the test score can be described as which of the following?

Answer 55

Dependent & Continuous (test score is continuous from 0-?)

Question 56

Measure:

Answer 56

numeral/category assigned to an object or person according to pre-set rules

Question 57

Patient researcher has developed a test for balance and administered a new test AT SAME TIME as a Berg balance test-

Answer 57

Concurrent validity

Question 58

Type of validation used when we have cutoff scores and those scores are compared with scores of a new test on a different group of subjects-

Answer 58

Cross validation: when an original sample of a test would yield a sample score, and that score will be compared with other experimental samples

Question 59

Formative evaluation:

Answer 59

assessment of a program during developmental stages to determine how it should be implemented and ongoing assessment of operation of the program

Question 60

Reliability is also having ___ of response under given conditions

Answer 60

CONSISTENCY

Question 61

Type of validity using a gold standard=

Answer 61

criterion-related validity

Question 62

Which of the following can affect a test’s reliability?

Answer 62

Fatigue, practice, time between testing, precision of measurement, etc.

Question 63

Rater reliability, intra and inter, assessed using which statistical measure; Also used for reliability?

Answer 63

ICC

Question 64

True/False: Research independently studying a similar research question should naturally follow theoretical framework?

Answer 64

False

Question 65

Which of the following defines research question?

Answer 65

theoretical framework

Question 66

Include gender in your research study. Mark all that apply:

Answer 66

discrete, dichotomous, attribute

Question 67

A synonym for control is:

Answer 67

vigor

Question 68

When generalizing results of a research study to a larger population than the sample that was studied during the research, this process of generalizing involves which type of reasoning?

Answer 68

Inductive reasoning