Questions from Hell Test 2 Flashcards
Are ion channels active/passive?
Passive
If you open a Na+ channel in the membrane:
- which way does Na+ flow? (in or out of cell
IN
If you open a Na+ channel in the membrane: - does the cell’s membrane potential become more positive, or more negative?
MORE POSITIVE
If you open a K+ channel in the membrane:
- which way does K+ flow? (in or out of cell)
out bitch
If you open a K+ channel in the membrane:
- does the cell’s membrane potential become more positive, or more negative
More nega-i-tive
_______ binds Ca2+ in a muscle fiber.
Troponin
_______ covers the myosin-binding sites of actin when muscle fiber is “at rest”.
Tropomyosin
The voltage-gated Ca2+ channel is located where (to cause neurotransmitter release): ____________
Axon Terminal of NMJ
The ____-gated ___ channel is activated at “threshold”.
Voltage Gaited Na Channel
The ACh receptor functions as a ____-gated ___ channel.
ligand(chemically) gaited Ion Channel
Where is the ACh receptor is located? (Be as specific as possible in your description so that it is not ambiguous.)
Sarcolemma
T/F: Muscle fibers conduct Action Potentials, like neurons.
True
What does sarcomere mean?
cytoplasam of muscle fiber
fundamental unit of muscle is…..?
sarcomere
Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.
Has sarcomeres
skeletal, cardiac
Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.
Cells are electrically coupled by gap junctions
cardiac,smooth
Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.
Site of Ca2+ regulation is calmodulin
smooth
Classify each as Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth (unitary), or Smooth (multi-unit). May be true for more than type.
Site of Ca2+ regulation is troponin
skeletal, cardiac
When muscles burn ATP to do work, which molecule acts as the ATPase?
myosin
ATP hydrolysis is needed for which step of the cross-bridge cycle?
cocking of myosin head
Order these items from smallest to largest: troponin Muscle fiber myosin Myofibril sarcomere
troponin myosin sarcomere myofibril muscle Fiber
Which is NOT a component of osteoid? Glycoproteins Inorganic Phosphate (Pi) Ca2+-binding proteins Collagen fibers
Inorganic Phospate
Which cell secretes osteoid? Osteoclast Osteocyte Osteoblast Osteogenic cell Both A & B
Osteoblast
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is secreted in response to hypocalcemia. Thyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone Testosterone Osteocalcin
Parathyroid
Wolff’s Law applies to: Changes in height of individuals Appositional growth Interstitial growth The epiphyseal plate
appositional growth
Which protein covers the myosin-binding sites of actin in the absence of intracellular Ca2+? Myosin Tropomyosin Troponin Tropism
Tropomyosin
In it’s resting state, a neuron has more Na+ _______________.
Intracellularly
Extracellularly
Extracellularly
In it’s resting state, a muscle fiber has more Na+ _________________.
A. Intracellularly
Extracellularly
Extracellularly
Which type of smooth muscle allows for graded contractions?
Unitary
Multi-unit
multi unit
During which phase of the muscle twitch does excitation-contraction coupling occur?
Latency Phase
Contraction Phase
Relaxation Phase
Latency
Which of the following ions are conducted through voltage-gated channels during any phase of the action potential? Ca2+ Na+ K+ Both B & C All of the above
B AND C
Which way does K+ flow during an Action Potential?
In
Out
Out
Which of the 3 ATP regeneration pathways relies on creatine?
Direct Phosphorylation
Anaerobic pathway
Aerobic pathway
Direct Phosphorylation
What does isotonic mean
same stretch tension
Interstital means
small space between
what is hematopoiesis
production of all blood cells
what are osteogenic cells
stem cells
Growth of cartilage by chondroblasts secreting against the external surface of cartilage is called _________ growth.
appositional
______ cartilage covers articular surfaces.
hyaline
“chondroid” literally means “_____ _____”.
resembling carilage
T/F: calcified cartilage is called bone.
False
Osteogenic cells are found within ________.
Endosteum
Periosteum
Both
both
Name two synonyms for “spongy bone”: _______ _______
trabecular and cancellous
osteocalcin is a ….
hormone
Which holds more water, a glycoprotein or a proteoglycan?
glocoprotein
Name all the cell types that can be derived (directly or indirectly) from bone stem cells (osteogenic cells).
bone lining cell
osteoblast
osteocyte
Osteoblasts can become which 2 other cell types?
osteocyte
bone lining
Which bone cell secretes osteocalcin?
osteoblast
When blood calcium (Ca2+) gets too low, this causes the parathyroid to release of parathyroid hormone (PTH), which targets osteoclasts. Predict: Does PTH stimulate or inhibit osteoclasts?
stimulate
Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both:
Chondrocytes hypertrophy.
Endochondral
Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both:
Red Marrow fills trabecular cavities.
both bitch
Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both:
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid.
both bitch
Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both:
Medullary cavity forms.
Endochondral
Classify each process as Endochondral, Intramembranous, or Both:
Cartilage model acts as scaffold, replaced by bone.
Endochondral
Classify each as Appositional or Interstitial bone growth:
6. Occurs at the Epiphyseal plate.
Interstitial
Classify each as Appositional or Interstitial bone growth:
- Achieves bone remodeling.
Appositional
Classify each as Appositional or Interstitial bone growth:
- Is directed by growth hormone.
Interstital
In which zone do interstitial bone growth do chondrocytes?
calification ZONEEEEEE
H+ secretion will cause pH to become more _______.
acidic
What is apoptosis
program cell death
Low [Ca2+] levels in the blood stimulates osteoclast activity. Why?
breaks down bone to add calcium to the blood stream
High Ca2+ levels will cause PTH levels to:
Increase or decrease?
decrease
Realignment of broken bones is called ________.
reduction
Which of these steps occurs last in bone repair:
Bony callus
Hematoma
Fibrocartilagenous callus
boney callus
An elderly patient with osteoporosis should take an osteoclast _______.
A. Inhibitor
B. Activator
inhibitor
