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A&P > Exam 4 Group work and review questions > Flashcards

Exam 4 Group work and review questions Flashcards

1
Q

What does “thoracolumbar” mean?

A

Thoracic lumber

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2
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

rest and digest

A

parasympathetic

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3
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

fight or flight

A

sympathetic

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4
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

ACh

A

Both

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5
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

Noepinephrine/ epinephrine

A

sympathetic

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6
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

Thoracolumber

A

Sympathetic

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7
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

short postganglionic neuron

A

parasympathetic

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8
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

Cholinergic postganglionic neuron

A

sympathetic

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9
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

White and Grey Ramus

A

sympathetic

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10
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

Craniosacral

A

Parasympathetic

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11
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

Vagus Nerve

A

Parasympathetic

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12
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

Visceral Reflex Arc

A

Sympathetic

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13
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

Increases blood flow to muscles and away from intestines

A

Sympathetic

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14
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

non-myelinated post ganglionic neuron

A

Both

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15
Q

Choose Sympathetic (S), Parasympathetic (P), or Both (B):

Ganglia are located within target organs

A

Parasympathetic

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16
Q

Nicotinic Receptors

Located on target tissues or postganglionic neurons?

A

Target tissues- muscle- adrenal medulla

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17
Q

Nicotinic Receptors

Neurotransmiter;

A

ACh

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18
Q

Nicotinic Receptors

sympathetic, parasympathetic or both?

A

Both

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19
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

Located on target tissues or postganglionic neurons?

A

Smooth muscles, glands, cardiac muscle

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20
Q

Muscarinic receptors

neurontransmitter:

A

Ach –> G-Protein Coupled Receptor

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21
Q

Muscarinic Receptors

s, p or both?

A

Parasympathetic

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22
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors

located on target tissues or postganglionic neurons

A

target tissues

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23
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors

neurotransmitter:

A

norepinephrine

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24
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors

s, p or both

A

sympathetic

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25
Q

Beta adrenergic receptors

target tissues or postganglionic neurons?

A

Target tissues

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26
Q

Beta adrenergic receptors

neurotransmitter:

A

norepinephrine

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27
Q

Beta adrenergic receptors

s, p or both

A

sympathetic

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28
Q

Will activation muscarinic ACh receptors located on the heart cause increased or decreased heart rate?

A

Decrease

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29
Q

Why are nAch receptors sucha good target for toxins?

A

found in muscle so it eliminates fight or flight

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30
Q

Which drug would you give a patient to reduce painful swelling (agonist or antagonist)

A

agonist- reduce swelling

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31
Q

Which drug to lower blood pressure (Agonist or antagonist?)

A

Antagonist- lowers blood pressure

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32
Q

Which neurotransmitter and receptor type mediates pupillary dilation?

A

parasympathetic, ACh

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33
Q

Which neurotransmitter and receptor type mediates pupillary constriction?

A

Sympathetic; Norepinhrine, epinephrine

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34
Q

What is the purpose of disc shape in outer segment?

A

Increases surface area

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35
Q

Rhodopsin=_______+______

A

Protein (opsin) + Vitamin A- Derived Chromophore (retinal)

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36
Q

Classify as Central or Peripheral:

Highest concentration of rods

A

Peripheral

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37
Q

Classify as Central or Peripheral:

Highest concentration of cones

A

Central

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38
Q

Classify as Central or Peripheral:

Which is affected by Macular degeneration?

A

Central

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39
Q

Which photoreceptor dominates black/white vision?

A

Rods

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40
Q

Which photoreceptor functions only in color vision?

A

Cones

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41
Q

Why is it more difficult to indetify the color of an object when in low light contions, even when there’s enough light to clearly indentify the object?

A

Cones are less sensitive than rods

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42
Q

Nearsighted is referred to as

A

myopia

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43
Q

Transduction is ____

A

G- Protein

44
Q

Phosphodiesterase cleaves ______ to yield ________

A

cGMP; GMP

45
Q

Write the change that occurs in each molecule when going from Dark —> Light:

Retinal (_____ to ______isomer)

A

off to on; changes shape

46
Q

Write the change that occurs in each molecule when going from Dark —> Light:
Transducin (_____ Bound to ____ bound)

A

GTP Bound to GMP Bound

47
Q 
Write the change that occurs in each molecule when going from Dark  ---> Light:
PDE is (\_\_\_\_ to\_\_\_\_) on and off
A

on to off

48
Q

Write the change that occurs in each molecule when going from Dark —> Light:
CNG channel _____ to ____

A

open to close

49
Q

Write the change that occurs in each molecule when going from Dark —> Light:
Bipolar ____to_____

A

inhibited to activated

50
Q

Write the change that occurs in each molecule when going from Dark —> Light:
Retinal Ganglion Cell ____ to ____

A

off to on

51
Q

The _______ muscle controls Ffocus and the ___ muscle controls brightness

A

ciliary muscle, iris

52
Q

Classify each as Olfaction, Gustation, or both:

Chemoreceptors

A

both

53
Q

Classify each as Olfaction, Gustation, or both:

detects airborne molecules

A

olfactory

54
Q

Classify each as Olfaction, Gustation, or both:

receptors expressed in neurons

A

olfactory

55
Q

Classify each as Olfaction, Gustation, or both:

Umami

A

Gustation

56
Q

Classify each as Olfaction, Gustation, or both:

Receptors are ligand-gated ion channels

A

both

57
Q

Classify each as Olfaction, Gustation, or both:

Receptors are GPCRs

A

gustation

58
Q

Classify each as Olfaction, Gustation, or both:

cAMP involved

A

Olfactory

59
Q

Which enzyme cleaves cAMP?

A

Pyrophosphate

60
Q

Which enzyme makes cAMP?

A

Adenylate cyclase

61
Q

Gusatory detection of H+ is called “_____” taste.

A

Sour

62
Q

Gusatory detection of sucrose is called “_____” taste

A

sweet

63
Q

Gustatory detection of Na+ is called “____” taste

A

salty

64
Q

Gustatory detection of glutamate is called “____” taste.

A

Umami

65
Q

Gustatory detection of quinine/ caffeine is called “____” taste

A

Bitter

66
Q

The scala media endolymph has unusually ______ levels of K+

A

high

67
Q

Cochlear implants are useful in treating ____ deafness but not ______ deafness

A

sensorineural but not conductive

68
Q

What are the three main parts of the inner ear?

A

semicircular, vestibule and cochlea

69
Q

Which two parts of the inner ear are responsible for hearing?

A

semicircular canal, vestibule

70
Q

Which of the inner ear parts is responsible for hearing?

A

Cochlea

71
Q

Which feature of the sine wave encodes pitch

A

wavelength

72
Q

Which feature of the sine wave encodes loudness

A

height or amplitude

73
Q

Rotational (angular) acceleration is mediated by _______.

A

semicircular canals

74
Q

Linear acceleration is mediated by ________.

A

vestibules

75
Q

The __________ _________ has short, stiff fibers near the oval window, and long, floppy fibers near the helicotrema

A

Basliar membrane

76
Q

For each G-protein, name which enzyme is stimulated or inhibited (and indicate inhibition or stimulation)

G i

A

Ac- inhibits

77
Q

For each G-protein, name which enzyme is stimulated or inhibited (and indicate inhibition or stimulation)

G s

A

Ac stimulate

78
Q

For each G-protein, name which enzyme is stimulated or inhibited (and indicate inhibition or stimulation)

Q q

A

Phospholipase

79
Q

Which two hormones have intracellular receptors?

A

GPCR and cAMP

80
Q

Growth hormone release hormone acts on cells to induce growth hormone release. Which type of reulation is this?

A

Hormoral

81
Q

What does anabolic and catabolic mean?

A

anabolic- build up

Catabolic- tear down

82
Q

If thyrotropin-release hormone (TRH) is hypersecreted, would this cause a goiter or exophthalmos?

A

exophthalmous

83
Q

Which 2 hormones (1 hypothalamic & 1 pituitary) are regulated by feedback from blood levels of thyroid hormones (TH)?

A

TRH and TSH

84
Q

Why is this feedback harmful in the case of hypothyroidism that is caused by iodine deficiency?

A

creates goiter

85
Q

Why is this feedback ineffective in Grave’s disease?

A

Activates thyroid receptors

86
Q

TH levels in the fed-state are expected to be ______ than in the fasted-state. (higher or lower?)

A

higher

87
Q

Leptin levels in the fed-state are expected to be ______ than in the fasted-state. (higher or lower?)

A

higher

88
Q

________ is the name of the full-length protein (and the gene) that is the precursor to TH production.

A

throglobui

89
Q

_______ is the more bioactive form of TH.

A

T3

90
Q

TH is secreted by ______ cells of the thyroid.

A

follicular

91
Q

Which hormone is responsible for high bllod pressure due to Na retension

A

mineralcorticoroids- aldosterone

92
Q

Which hormone is responsible for high blood pressure due to elevated blood glucose levels

A

Gluconeogensis, glucocorticoids, cortisol

93
Q

Which hormone is responsible for insomnia

A

Glucocorticoids- cortisol

94
Q

Which hormone is responsible for beard growth

A

Glucocorticords-testosterone and estrogens-androgens

95
Q

Which of the above symptoms is counteracted by atrial natriuretic peptide action?

A

high blood pressure due to Na retenion

96
Q

Adrenocorticosteroids are ________-based. (protein or cholesterol?)

A

Cholesterol

97
Q

What happens if there is too much ADH secretion? (describe effect on bladder & blood pressure)

A

cause blood pressure to go up

98
Q

Which hypothalamic hormone, when hypersecreted, causes dwarfism?

A

Too little Growth Hormone

99
Q

Compare/Contrast the roles of oxytocin & prolactin in breastfeeding.

A

Prolactin- production of milk

Oxytocin- Milk Release

100
Q

Compare/Contrast the roles of FSH & LH in reproductive system.

A

fsh- stimulates production of eggs and sperm

LH- stimulates progesterone and estrogen and testosterone

101
Q

Which hormone stimulates breakdown of bone?

A

PTH

102
Q

Which hormone can lower blood Ca2+?

A

Calcitonin

103
Q

Pancreatic _______ cells secrete the hormone _________, which lowers blood glucose.

A

Beta cells, insulin

104
Q

Pancreatic _______ cells secrete the hormone _________, which raises blood glucose.

A

Alpha cells, glucagon

105
Q

Leptin may help to (raise or lower?) blood glucose levels in mice?

A

lower

A&P (16 decks)

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