questions Flashcards
does erythroprotein timulate differentiation of basophils
no- rbc!
t/f: interleukins released by erythroblast to stimulate leukocyte production
false
not production- activation
hemoglobin synthesize in
bone marrow- not spleen
high rbc vs low rbc
- dehydration, poly vera (also if high hemoglobin levels)
- anemia (low hemoglobin content of blood)
throboprotein
platelet synthesis!!
breakdown of hemoglobin to spleen produces
bilirubin and AA
MHC-1 VS MHC-2
- bind to t cells
- bind to b-cells
alveolar type I vs II
1) form walls of alveolus
2) secrete surficant
histamin
inflammation- vasodilation
but…
cause bronchoconstriction in smooth muscle aka airway resistance up
psns (broncho. vs vaso)
vasodilation in blood vessels (slow hr,)
in airway bronchoconstriction (up airway resistance)
opposite
PCO2 in airflow increase
bronchdilation
destructive lung disease vs restricted lung disease
- very low FEV1/VC (NOT GREATER THAN 80%)- ASTHMA
2.LUNGS TROUBLE EXPANDING (SCOLIOSIS)
Diaphragm relax vs contract
contract during inspiration (positive air in)
relax during expiration
pip
always lower than palv
first step of inspiration and expiration
Palv=Piv
Helper T cells and Cytotoxic T cells
- (CD4+) Act as the “commanders” of the immune system by coordinating immune responses
- (CD8+) Act as the “killers” of the immune system by destroying infected or cancerous cells
Which of the following pressures decreases during inspiration?
Intrapleural pressure (Pip)
Which of the following muscles assist in forced expiration? vs Which muscle is primarily responsible for inspiration?
- Internal intercostals
- Diaphragm
(first heart sound) is caused by:
(second heart sound) occurs due to:
Closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves
Closure of the semilunar valves
longest phase of cardiac cycle
Ventricular diastole.
when calculating- what does negative and positive mean
- = reabsorption (ISF to capillaries)
+ = filtration (capillaries to ISF)
starling forces: Pc and pic
capillary hydristatic p (HP): arteriole 37mmhg to venule 17mmhg
plasma colloid osmotic p: due to non penetrating solutes- 25mmhg
baroreceptor
AP rate (too low or too high= changes in stretch- relates to sns/psns & its properties to slow/speed ap)
bee sting=edma
how does this affect starling forces
Pc= increase (since inflammation, more blood flowing= dilation so capillaries pressure up)
PIi= increase since up leak of non penetrating solutes
positive net filtration
map effects
MAP= HR X SV X TPR
CO (proportionally to map)- co=sv x HR
hr= related to sns/psns
sv= diff in edv-esv
tpr= resistance like vessel length/radius, dilation, etc
atrial natriuretic peptide
low MAP
MAP if ap freq increase in baroreceptor
low since it causes barareceptor to put back ap to set points- psns=slow hr
SNS
release NE
binds to both α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptors
MAP if vasoconstriction
well tpr will be high so MAP increase
myogenic: up stretch vs down stretch
lead to decrease radius of arterioles
and vasoconstriction
- BP drops, the stretch on arteriole walls decreases.
Stretch-activated Ca²⁺ channels close, reducing smooth muscle contraction
causes vasodilation, decreasing resistance
vasopressin and angiostensin II
decrease MAP
reactive hypermia
increase in bf followed by period of low perfusion
both active and reactive hypermia= vasodilation
hypertension/hypo caused by
failures of pressure homeostasis
(hyper= chronic increase in tpr primary= obesity, 2= high map
hypertension (primary) treatment
exercise
ca blockers
diuretics (increase urinary excretion of na and h2o
albumins
responsble for PI c
What is the final product of the coagulation cascade that stabilizes a blood clot?
Fibrin
What is the role of thrombin in coagulation?
Converts fibrin into fibrinogen
Which pathway is activated by exposure to tissue factor (TF)?
Extrinsic pathway
What enzyme breaks down fibrin clots?
Plasmin
What is the final product of the coagulation cascade that stabilizes a blood clot?
Fibrin
what decreases amount of thrombin produced in clot
ca deffiency
positive feedback in intrinsic vs extrinsic
- thrombin
- extrinsic= factor x
serotonin, endothelin-1 in vessels
vasocon
B and T lymphocytes made in
bone marrow and thymus gland
antibody binds to CD4+ what happens
supression of helper t cells
how many heme and protein chains hemoglobin
4 each
on heme= transports o2
on globin protein= transports co2
IgA, IgE, IgM, IgG
IgA (Mucosal & secretions)
IgE (Allergies & parasites)
IgM (Mega, first produced)
IgG (Greatest, most abundant, long-term immunity)
Secondary lymphoid tissue in
GALT, SPLEEN, LYMPH NODES
DEFFIECIENCY IN INTERFERON
SEVERE COVID AND DECREASE nkc
reticulates
where erythocytes are formed from
Pip is higher when… and more negative when
relax (inspiration)
contract (expiration)
cause of arterioles to dilate
up adenosine levels
E on beta 2 (opposite in arterioles)
up CO2
up hydrogen
platelet plug: what happens that is involved in vasocon at site of wound
release of throboxane A2 PHOS IN PLATELET MEM
SEROTONIN
WHAT HAPPENS IN INFLAMMATION
UP OSMOTIC P of injured tissue
release of IL-8 ACTS AS CHEMOTOXIN
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM ACTIVATED
RELEASE IL-1 (cause fever)
up volume of thoraicic cavity= up pressure in lungs
false: m1v1=m2v2
intralveolar P (Palv)…. when relaxing
increases
Mast cells release
Histamin- not pain
Bradykinin
Pepetide. Key role in inflammation
(Vasodilation, pain)
O2 dependent vs O2 independent
killing is more effective and relies on the production of ROS
Dont rely on o2 just uses antibodies,enzymes,etc.
NKCs
Kill any cell lacking MHC-1
Self tolerance is created by
Clonal deletion of t and b cells (not expansion)
Testing t&b cell receptors (tcr and bcr) w/ diff self antigens (not foreign antigens)
blocking K+ channels will
slow HR
slow repolarization
tunica intima secretes…
paracrines that control vasocon/di
what inhibits clotting factors V and VII
protein c (not herapin!)
T cell receptors of helper t cells bind to antigen on…
MHC-II proteins (not cytotoxic t cells!!)
IgG involved in…
passive humoral immunity- mother to fetus
exercise: sns stimulation causes heart rate to increase by
up ca and Na influx during peacemaker potential
decrease length of pacemaker potential but not AP
histamin released by
mast cells and basophills
macrophages and mast cells release
chemotaxins to attract phagocytes
to stop migraine
endothelium-1
serotonin
vasopressi
plasma protein loss affcts capillary exchange and result=
increased capillary filtratiol leading to edma
if someone has low lung compliece what affects in aairflow expiration/ins
decrease air flow in inspiration
increased airflow in expiration
tunica media results in venoconstriction which…
increase viscosity of blood and venus resturn
Pip is greater when…
MORE NEGATIVE WHEN
air goes out (relaxing aka expiration)
AIR IN (CONTRACTING AKA EXPIRATION)
