Properties of Blood Flashcards by Bea Y

Blood consist of

1) Plasma (90% water, dissolved elements)
2) Formed elements

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Dissolved solutes in plasma examples

Proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, gases, metabolic waste products

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Hematopoiesis

the process of creating new blood cells from pluripotent hematopietic stem cells found in bone marrow

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Red vs yellow bone marrow

Active Hematopoiesis (25% overall produced RBC 75% WBC)

Inactive Hematopoiesis (adipose cells)

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Erythrocytes vs leukocytes

RBC, WBC

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Platelets

Platelets, also known as thrombocytes, are small, colorless cell fragments in the blood that help stop bleeding and form clots

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Cytokine types: Interleukins

Stimulation of uncommitted stem cells to for commited progeniter cells (Committed progenitor cells are cells that have become specialized to produce a specific type of cell.)

Produced and released by wbc

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Cytokine types: erythropoietin

hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow

Produced and released by kidney in response to low O2 levels (hypoxia)

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Erythroblasts Vs reticulocyte

Nucleated, unnucleated

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colony stimulating factors (csfs)

stimulates leukopoiesis (wbc production)

secreted by endothelial cells and fibroblasts in bone marrow

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thromboprotein

regulates growth and development of megakaryocytes (platelet production)

produce and secreted by liver

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RBC

most numerous blood cell (90%)
short life span- 120 days
lack nucleus and organelles
rapidly produced in bone ,marrow

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adult hemoglobin

composed of 2 a-globin and 2 b-globin protein chains each of which is bound to an iron containing heme group

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globin

protein chains- binds and transports CO2

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heme

red pigment molecule porphyrin ring surrounding an iron atom that reviersibly binds to O2

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Iron metabolism and hemoglobin synthesis

iron from diet actively transported into blood (excess stored in liver)

transported in plasma by transferrin

what is iron used for in bone marrow

iron taken up in bone marrow and used to synthesize heme to HB to rbc

Porphyrin

Converted to bilirubin (gives yellow colour to waste), excreted in bile (feces)

Cause of jaundice

Excess bilirubin in blood (due to excess rbc breakdown, liver dysfunction, or blockage of bile exertion )

Symptoms= yellow skin and eye sclera.
Common in infants since liver not fully developed

Hematocrit

Percent of blood volume that is erythrocytes (rbc)

On ave, 42%W 47% M

How to find percent of rbc Hematocrit

Centrifuged- rbc bottom later, wbc middle, plasma upper

Can determine if dehydrated or condition where too much rbc (polycythemia)

Anemia

a condition in which the number of red blood cells or the haemoglobin concentration within them is lower than normal

Occurs to blood loss, accelerated rate of rbc destruction, or low RBC production

Types of anemia: hemolytic

Cells rupture at abnormally high rate (can be heridity or acquired)

Ex: malaria= acquired

Types of anemia: sickle cell

Genetic disorder affecting AA sequence HB beta chain

Abnormal HB causes crescent shaped cells that cause blockage (reduces blood flow to tissue)

Types of anemia: aplastic

Bone marrow has few stem cells, so all blood cell production is reduced (even rbc) Stem cells in bone marrow can be reduced by cancer treatments (radiation/chemo) and drugs

Types of anemia: iron deficiency

Due to diet, blood loss (mens), or inability to absorb iron (celiacs disease) Less iron=less heme= less hb

Types of anemia: vitamin deficiency (and what does it lead to)

Due to diet or trouble absorbing folic acid, vitamin c/b12 Leads to abnormal RBC production (fewer and larger)

Leukocytes (wbc)

Mobile cells. Play key role in immune system

Wbc types: basophils

Secrete histimine (up inflammation) and heparin (blood thinner to stop clotting)

Wbc types: eosinophils

fights pathogens (esp parasites)

Wbc types: neutrophil

help the body fight infection and heal injuries. First to exit capillaries and enter tissue in response to infection

Wbc types: monocytes and lymphocytes

fight infection and repair tissue in the immune system of most vertebrates

platelets

small cell fragments in the blood that help form clots to stop bleeding function= hemostasis (preventing blood loss)

hemostasis step 1

vasoconstriction step: damage to blood vessel wall= activates pain receptors= cause vasoconstriction so reduce blood flow to damaged site platelets stick to exposed collagen fibres and release platelet factors

which factors reinforce vasoconstriction

serotonin thromboxane

hemostasis step 2

platelet formation: platelets stick to exposed collagen fibres and release platelet factors that attract more platelets to site (positive feedback) and fill damaged area note: platelets dont spread beyond damaged site (more on this in notes)

hemostasis step 3

coagulation (clot formation): extrinsic and intrinsic pathways are two ways that blood clots, or coagulates. The extrinsic pathway is activated by external trauma, while the intrinsic pathway is activated by internal damage to blood vessels. Both pathways lead to the common pathway, which ends with the formation of a blood clot.

hemostasis step 4

fibrinolysis (clot dissolution): breakdown of blood clots. broken by a fribrin digesting enzyme called plasmin

anticoagulants

produced by body to prevent spread of clot