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1st Year Research Methods > questionaires > Flashcards

questionaires Flashcards

1
Q

advantages of questionnaires (cost)

A

more cost-effective than interviews

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2
Q

advantages of questionnaires (sample size)

A

easy to get data from a large group of people

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3
Q

advantages of questionnaires (ease of access)

A

participants can participate where and when they like

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4
Q

advantages of questionnaires (anonymity)

A

participant anonymity

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5
Q

advantages of questionnaires (extraneous variables)

A

no interviewer effects

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6
Q

advantages of questionnaires (standardisation)

A

standardisation of questions

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7
Q

disadvantages of questionnaires (quality)

A

problems with quality of data due to completeness and accuracy of responses

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8
Q

disadvantages of questionnaires (detail)

A

unable to further explore responses

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9
Q

disadvantages of questionnaires (misunderstandings)

A

misunderstandings cant be corrected

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10
Q

disadvantages od questionnaires (reliability)

A

impossible to check wether responses are honest

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11
Q

open ended questions

A

free response questions where participants are free to give any answers they want

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12
Q

closed questions

A

fixed response questions with pre determined list of options

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13
Q

advantages of open ended questions (freedom)

A

response freedom

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14
Q

advantages of open ended questions (probing)

A

researcher can probe for more detail (if questionnaire is given face-to-face)

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15
Q

advantages of open ended questions (usefulness)

A

useful in initial stages of project

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16
Q

disadvantages of open ended questions (time)

A

time consuming and greater effort required from respondent

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17
Q

disadvantages of open ended questions (researcher)

A

time consuming for researcher (eg coding )

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18
Q

advantages of closed questions (time)

A

quicker for respondent

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19
Q

advantages of closed questions (researcher)

A

fast and cheap for researcher

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20
Q

advantages of closed questions (results)

A

results are easy to communicate

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21
Q

advantages of closed questions (useful)

A

useful for hypothesis testing

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22
Q

disadvantages of closed questions (limited)

A

options limit responses

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23
Q

disadvantages of closed questions (fixed response)

A

fixed response may irritate participants

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24
Q

bipolar scales

A

reflect two opposing alternatives often with a midpoint

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25
Q

unipolar scales

A

varying levels of the same construct, no conceptual midpoint and often a 0 at one end

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26
Q

what should the length of questions be like

A

short and avoid excessively long answers

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27
Q

what should you avoid when writing questions

A
  • double-barrelled questions
  • negatives
  • leading questions
28
Q

what should you include in questions

A

‘dont know’ or N/A response

29
Q

what type of words should be used in questions

A

simple words

30
Q

how can questions concerned with the frequency of behaviour be problematic

A

participants may not see response options in the same way

31
Q

how to resolve problems with frequency of behaviour questions

A

ask for actual frequency, give specific number ranges

32
Q

probability sampling

A

all participants have an equal chance of being included in the sample

33
Q

simple random sampling (probability sampling)

A

all participants in sampling frame have equal chance of being included in sample (picking out of a hat)

34
Q

systematic random sampling (probability sampling)

A

participants selected from sampling frame according to random starting point and a fixed, periodic interval

35
Q

stratified random sampling (probability sampling)

A

all participants have equal chance of being included (split sample into lots of hats and pick one from each hat)

36
Q

cluster sampling (probability sampling)

A

participants randomly selected from sub-groups of a sample (naturally occurring groups eg post code)

37
Q

advantages of probability sampling (representative)

A

more representative of target population

38
Q

advantages of probability sampling (bias)

A

no experimenter bias

39
Q

disadvantages of probability sampling (time)

A

time consuming

40
Q

disadvantages of probability sampling (cost)

A

costly to implement

41
Q

disadvantages of probability sampling (eligibility)

A

difficult to find list of eligible participants

42
Q

disadvantages of probability sampling (refusal)

A

participants free to refuse

43
Q

non-probability sampling

A

not equal chance of all participants being included in sample

44
Q

convenience sampling (non-probability)

A

most common - based on availability of participants

45
Q

purposive sampling (non-probability)

A

sample chosen based on subjective judgement -fulfil certain criteria

46
Q

quota sampling (non-probability)

A

non-probabilistic version of stratified random sampling - divided into mutually exclusive groups

47
Q

snowball sampling (non-probability)

A

existing study participants recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances

48
Q

advantages of non-probability sampling (speed)

A

quicker and easy to select

49
Q

advantages of non-probability sampling (cost)

A

more convenient and cheaper

50
Q

disadvantages of non-probability sampling (bias)

A

researcher likely to display selection bias

51
Q

disadvantages of non-probability sampling (representation)

A

less likely to be representative of target population

52
Q

random sampling error

A

results from studying a sample rather than the whole population

53
Q

systematic error

A

results from imperfections in research design or mistakes in research execution

54
Q

what are the 2 main types of systematic error

A

1) respondent error

2) administrative error

55
Q

what are the two types of respondent error

A

1) non-response error

2) response bias

56
Q

deliberate falsification

A

deliberately giving the wrong answer

57
Q

unconscious misunderstandings

A

unconsciously giving the wrong answer

58
Q

aquiescence bias (response bias)

A

when in doubt participants tend to agree (say yes)

59
Q

extremity bias (response bias)

A

some have tendencies to always use extremes when giving answers

60
Q

interviewer bias (response bias)

A

presence of interviewer influences answers

61
Q

auspices bias (response bias)

A

participants are influenced by the company that gives the questionnaire

62
Q

social desirability bias (response bias)

A

participants give answers that they think will be viewed favourably

63
Q

data processing error (administrative error)

A

procedural errors made during data processing stage

64
Q

sampling selection error (administrative error)

A

errors caused by improper sampling design or execution

65
Q

interviewer error (administrative error)

A

researcher misrecords results

66
Q

interviewer cheating (administrative error)

A

researcher deliberately falsifies responses

1st Year Research Methods (15 decks)

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