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1st Year Research Methods > Physiological Methods > Flashcards

Physiological Methods Flashcards

1
Q

why do we not always add physiological measures

A
  • often takes a lot more time

* techniques themselves are quite complicated in terms of machinery

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2
Q

why do we use physiological methods

A
  • depends on the research question

* can be more sensitive than behavioural data

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3
Q

what does galvanic skip response measure

A

increases in conductance between two electrodes

  • a v low electronic voltage is applied
  • often measured in palms and/or fingers
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4
Q

why are we interested in galvanic skin response

A
  • autonomic nervous system

- stress,arousal,emotion,increase activity of sweat glands

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5
Q

heart rate

A
  • increased heart rate is linked to increase in stress arousal emotion ect
  • many different ways to measure heart rate
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6
Q

measuring eye movement -autonomic nervous system

A

pupil constriction/dilation

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7
Q

eye tracking

A

*using camera and specific software - exact location of a gaze can be determined

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8
Q

what can we use eye tracking for

A

to study visual information processing and attentional processes

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9
Q

how are eye movements measured

A

p’s are shown images while their eye movement is recorded

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10
Q

what are the measurements of eye movements

A

fixation

saccades

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11
Q

what are saccades

A

rapid eye movement between fixations

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12
Q

what does MRI stand for

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

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13
Q

how does an MRI work

A

measures the change in magnetic field within a voxel

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14
Q

whats a voxel

A

a cube which is the smallest measurement point

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15
Q

what are MRI pictures

A

slices of the brain usually in one of three directions

-3D modelling allows for easy navigation

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16
Q

what does DTI stand for

A

diffusion tensor imaging

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17
Q

what is DTI

A

an MRI technique

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18
Q

how does DTI work

A

if unobstructed water molecules diffuse randomly in any direction
- BUT the axons are bubbled together and have myelin sheilds

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19
Q

what do myelin sheilds do

A

block the molecules, forcing pattern

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20
Q

what can voxels be checked for

A
  • rate of diffusion

- preferred direction of diffusion

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21
Q

what do elongated ellipsoids indicate

A

the presence and direction of homogeneous fibre tracts within a voxel

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22
Q

what are DTI’s especially useful for

A

identifying network connections (or white matter connectivity)

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23
Q

how can DTI’s be used in a clinical setting

A

to detect tumors in relation to the white matter tracts

24
Q

problems with DTI

A

technique is not perfect and has difficulties with ‘crossing fibers’

25
Q

what does fMRI stand for

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging

26
Q

how do fMRI’s worok

A

it derives brain activity from blood oxygen levels

27
Q

fMRI and neuronal activity

A

takes advantage of fact that neural activity is followed by blood flow in a highly predictable manner

28
Q

whats fMRI an indirect measure of

A

neuronal activity because it relies on metabolic demands of the brain

29
Q

what does BOLD stand for - fMRI

A

blood oxygenation level dependent

30
Q

why do fMRI’s have poor temporal resolution

A

BOLD response takes several seconds

31
Q

step one of fMRO

A

when a brain region is active it uses energy

32
Q

step 2 of fMRI - oxygenated blood

A

to replenish this energy a large volume of oxygenated blood is supplied to this brain region

33
Q

step 3 of fMRI - magnetic feild

A

oxygenated blood doesnt influence the magnetic field, so it doesnt influence the MR signal

34
Q

step 4 of fMRI - deoxygenated blood

A

deoxygenated blood does influence the magnetic field, so the MR signal is reduced

35
Q

what does an EEG measure

A

electric activity originating from within the brain

36
Q

how do EEGs work

A

EEF activity reveals the summation of synchronous activity of thousands of neurons

37
Q

whats an EEG measured through

A

an array of scalp electrodes

38
Q

how are pyramidal neurons of the cortex arranged

A

spatially aligned and perpendicular to the cortical surface

39
Q

what does the EEG signal reflect

A

mainly post-synaptic potentials rather than action potentials

40
Q

what are EEG signals measured in

A

microVolts

41
Q

what do ERP’s do

A

link the continuous EEG to a specific event and see how the brain signal changes during/after the event

  • means we can like specific stimuli to a brain response
42
Q

what does ERP stand for

A

event related potential

43
Q

advantages of EEG

A
  • easy to use
  • easy to apply
  • powerful in determining when something happens in the brain
  • cheap compared to fMRI
44
Q

disadvantages of EEG

A
  • weak in determining where something happend in brain
  • time consuming
  • requires training and understanding
45
Q

what do fMRI’s and EEG’s show

A

correlations

46
Q

what does TMS stand for

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation

47
Q

how does TMS work

A

we can disrupt ongoing brain activity in a specific region

48
Q

what does TMS allow

A

comparison with how people respond to stimuli with and without specific brain area disrupted

49
Q

what can TMS help demonstate

A

a causal link between the target brain area and our main experimental condition

50
Q

how is TMS conducted

A

using coils that generate a magnetic pulse

51
Q

why is the coil in TMS used

A

to target a specific brain area generating a magnetic pulse

52
Q

advantages of TMS - reactions

A

good for speech, reaction time and affects accuracy on behavioural tasks

53
Q

advantages of TMS - performing taks

A

tells us whether certain areas of the brain are involved in performance in a certain task

54
Q

advantages of TMS - evidence

A

can provide evidence for causal relationship between brain and behaviour and that a certain brain area is essential for a certain behaviour or action to take place

55
Q

disadvantages of TMS - feeling

A

can be uncomfortable

56
Q

disadvantages of TMS - reach

A

cant reach all the brain max depth - half the brain out of reach

57
Q

disadvantages of TMS - individual differences

A

not suitable for everyone - especially those with some neurological issues

1st Year Research Methods (15 decks)

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