Question Documents Flashcards by ronjef garcia

any material that contains a mark, symbol or sign, either visible, partially visible or invisible that may presently or ultimately convey a meaning or a message to someone. it is any written statement by a right is established or an obligation extinguished.

Document

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document to which an issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny.

Questioned document

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document in which the origin is known can be proven and can legally be used as sample to compare with other things that is questioned.

Standard document

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collected/procurred standard - standard specimen executed in the regular course of a man’s activity.

requested/dictated standard (post litem motam) - standard document which are executed upon request

Types of standard

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documents which are not more than 5 years before and after

Contemporary document

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Legal classification of documents

Public document
Official document
Private document
Commercial document

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the combination of the basic shape and designs of letter and the writing movement which was taught in school

System of writing

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an illustration of the basic design of letters that is fundamental to the writing system

Copy book form

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refers to factors relative to the motion of the pen such as, pressure, rhythm, pen lifting, etc.

writing movement

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the visible result of a very complicated series of acts, being as a whole or a combination of certain forms which are the very visible result of mental and muscular habits acquired by long continued painstaking effort.

writing

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a visible effect of bodily movement which is an almost unconscious expressions of fixed muscular habits, reacting from fixed mental impression of cerain ideas assosciated with script form.

hand writing

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any repeated elements of one’s handwriting which serves as an identifying details

writing habits

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elements of one’s writing that are sufficiently unique and well fixed to serve as a strong basis of individuality

significant writing habits

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the relative degree of writing inclination relative to the baseline

slant

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an imaginary or straight line in which the writing rest.

baseline

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Types of handwriting

CURSIVE - most part are joined together
HANDLETTERING - disconected style
DISGUISED - executed with an attempt of changing its usual writing habits
NATURAL WRITING - executed normally without attempt of altering its usual writing habits
GUIDED/ASSISTED WRITING - executed while the writer’s hand is at steadied

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a name of person signed by himself on a document as a sign of acknowledgement.

Signature

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genuine signature which has been used in preparing a simulated or traced forgery

model signature

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specimen signature which was executed in particular date, time and place, under a particullar writer’s condition and for a particular purpose.

evidential signature

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Classes of signature

FORMAL
INFORMAL
CARELESS SCRIBBLE

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an act of falsifying or counterfeiting any treasure or bank notes, paper bills or any document which are payable to the bearer

forgery

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Major types of forgery

SIMPLE FORGERY
SIMULATED FORGERY
TRACED FORGERY

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methods of tracing

Carbon outline process
Indention process
Projection or transmitted light process
Laser method

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refers to any property, marks or elements which distiguishes also referred to as identifying details

Characteristics

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Types of characteristics

CLASS CHARACTERISTICS | INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS

elements of forms in writing

``` arc beard blunt buckle knot central part dactus link dactus broken eyelet/eyeloop hitch hiatus humps knob loop stem/shank/staff inital/terminal spur through whirl ```

rounded inner part of the upper curve, bend crook

arc

an introductory up and down strokes found in some capital letters. also called as double hitch

beard

part of a stroke characterized by a abrupt beginning or end at which the pen dies not creates a diminishing stroke

blunt

a horizontal or loop strokes used to complete letters A, H, F and D.

buckle knot

body of the letter characterized by a small rounded or circular strokes

central part

refers to the connection between letters either joined or disconnected

dactus link and dactus broken

refers to a small oblong strokes

eyelet/eyeloop

an introductory backward strokes found in most capital lettters and in some small letters

hitch

an obvious gap between letters

hiatus

outer portion if an upper curve bend or crook

humps

tiny pool of an ink at the beginning or ending strokes

knob

oblong strokes

loop

consdered as the backbone of the letters characterized as a long downward strokes

stem/shank/staff

long running initial or terminal strokes

through

long upward strokes usually found opposite the stem

whirl

added strokes that serves as an ornamental or fluorish to the design of the letters

embellishments

strokes added to complete certain letters.

diacritics

refers to all factors relative to the motion of the pen

writing movement

visible records in the written strokes of the basic movements and manner of holding the writing instument.

line quality

types of movements

``` finger (used by beginners) hand (limited freedom) forearm (most skillfull type of movement) whole arm (used for ornamental or large writings) ```

average or usual pressure applied in writing

pen pressure

act of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface with and increase speed

pen emphasis

the harmonious or balance recurrence of stokes or impulses

rhythm

degree of writers proficiency in writing

skills

cannot be measured precisely from finished handwriting but it can be interpreted in broad term as to either fast, slow or moderate

speed

interruption in strokes by sudden removal of the writing instrument from the paper surface

pen lift

refers to the more obvious increase in width of the letter strokes

shading

the realtive location of the pen to the paper surface

pen position

the reach of the hand with the wrist at rest

pen scope

strokes which goes back over another writing strokes that is slightly to occur in others writing

retracing or retraced

strokes which goes back over a defective portion of a writing to repair or correct an error

retouching or patching

Factors that affects writing characteristics

``` natural variations transitory change tremor writing condition writing instrument ```

refers to any form of changes either an addition or a deletion to the original content of the document which is not a part of original preparation

alteration

Refers to removal of writings or any part of a document either by mechanical or chemical process

Erasure

Done by means of abrasive method through rubbing or scrapping

Mechanical erasure

Done with the aid or use of bleaching agent called ink eradicator usually examined with the aid of fuming, transmitted light, oblique light and ultra violet light examination

Chemical erasure

The process of smearing over an original writing to make it undecipherable or illegible. Done with the used or super imposing inks. Usually examined with the used of infrared light

Oblitiration

Refers to partly burned or brittle document. Decipherment is usually accomplished with the used of infra-red light examination.

Charred document

Writing that has no readily visible ink strokes. made by symphatetic inks such as acids, juice and oyhers. Methods of development can be heat, water, chemical fuming or by ultra-violet process

Invisible writing

Refers to partially visible ink strokes cause by sudden contact between sheet of paper with another paper containing fresh ink. Can be enhanced through fuming or ultra-violet light process

Contact writing

The printing surface of the block in a conventional typewriter. In electric typewriter it is printing surface of the rotating head sphere

Typeface

Any form of peculiarity of the type printing caused by actual damage to the typeface metal or which maybe an abnormality in its printing condition

Typeface defect

In connection to typewriting, it is used to include letters, symbols numeral or points of punctuation

Characters

typeface impression ordinarily spaced ten (10) characters to the horizontal inch.

Pica typeface

Typeface impression ordinarily spaced twelve (12) characters to the horizontal inch.

Elite typeface

A typewriter with a type letter spacing similar to type spacing of conventional printed in which all letters are alloted horizontal in conformity with their relative widths.

Proportional spacing machine

Is an identifying typewriter characteristics which can be eliminated by simply cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon

Transitory defects

Any identifying typewriting characteristics of the typeface which cannot be corrected by sinpky cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon

Permanent defects

Refers to defect in the printing condition of the type character in which tye letters are printed either at the top or bottom, left or right inclined from its proper position.

Mal allignment or allignment defects

Principal technique utilized in typewriting identification

1. Measure the typeface pitch 2. Verify the type size and design (W-G-T) 3. Look for individual typeface defects

A character printing above or below its proper position

Vertical mal allignment

An allignment defect in which the the character are printed to the left or right of its proper position

Horizontal mal allignment

Letters and characters are designed to be printed at a certain angle to the baseline. Once letters leans to the left or right of its proper position such is called _______________

Twisted letters

Condition of thr typeface printing at which the character outline is not equally printed, that is the printing is heavier in the one side than the remainder of the outline of the character

Off its feet

Typeface defect in which a character prints a double impression with the lighter one slightly off setto the right or left

Rebound

Any peculiarity of tupewriting caused by actual damage to the type face metal

Actual breakage

Typeface defect characterized by dirty printsdue to constant use without cleaning of the tupe bar or due to use of new carbon, these are common in closed letter outline such as O, a, p, g etc

Clogged typeface (dirty)

Kinds of writing

Cursive Script Block

Types of signature

Conventional type | Highly individualized type

Classifications of line quality

Good line quality | Poor line quality

The relation of parts of the whole line pf writing of individual letters in words to the baseline

Allignment

The relation between the tall and the short letters is reffered to as “_____________” of the writing

Proportion or Ratio

Series of lines or curves within the letters of the alphabet

Stroke structure

The act of maki a close or critical study of any material and with questioned document its the process necessary to dicover facts about them

Examination

Any study or examination which made with aid of microscope in order to discover minute physical details

Microscopic examination

As used in this text means critical comparison or side by side examination

Collation

The act of setting two or more items side by side to weight their identifying qualities

Comparison

In legal language the document examiner’ conclusion

Opinion

These are normal and usual deviations found between repeated specimen of any individual writing or in the product of any typewriter

Variation

Causes of variation

1. Lack of machine like precision 2. External factors such as writing instrument and writig position 3. Physical and mental factors 4. The quality of writing prepared in the course of time

Points to consider for collected standard

1. The amount of standard writing available 2. Similarity of subject matter 3. Dates of preparation 4. Writing material 5. Writing condition

Source of standard

1. Personal document 2. Educational papers 3. Vocational papers 4. Financial documents 5. Social/recreational/fraternal documents 6. Corporate documents 7. Motor vehicle documents 8. Military documents 9. Governmental and public records 10. Criminal documents 11. Miscellaneous documents

A legal term which involves not only a non genuine document but also on part of its maker

Forgery

The lower part which rest on the baseline

Foot

A minute curve or angle which often accurs at the end of the terminal strokes

Hook

Outside portion of the top curve

Shoulder

A hort horizontal initial or terminal stroke of a letter

Spur

Ant short backward stroke which usually occurs at the top of letters

Tick

Pointd in the examination of extended writings (anonymous letter, threat letter, poison letter

1. Uniformity 2. Irregularities 3. Size and proportion 4. Allignment 5. Spacing 6. Degree of slant 7. Formation and design of letter 8. Alterations

Kinds of alteration

1. Erasure 2. Obliteration 3. Addition 4. Substraction 5. Interlineation 6. Superimposition 7. Decipherment 8. Ink eradicator

Kinds of muscles of hand

Extensor - muscles that push the pen to form upward stroke Flexor - muscles that push pen to form downward stroke Extensor, flexor and lumbricals - muscles to form the lateral strokes

Stereoscopic examination with low and high power objective is used to detect retouching, patching and unnatural pen lift in signature analysis. With proper angle intensity of illumination, it aids in the decipherment of erasures, some minutes manipulation not perfectly pictured to the unaided eye, and the sequence of entries done by different writing instrument

Microscopic examination

Documents are subjected to this type of examination to determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrationand some other typesof alteration

Transmitted light examination

Decipherment of faded writing, determination of outline in in traced forgery, embossed impression, etc are subjected to this type of alteration

Oblique light examination

This type of examination is very essential in every document examination. Actual observations are recorded in the photograph

Photographic examination

Indention/indented writings and records transparencies of any indention.

Electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA)

The exposure of a document to this useful when it consist of several pages and substitution is being suspected. The color and intensity of a substituted page. Mechanical and chemical erasure will certainly change the reflectively of the erea affected

Ultra violet examination

(a) Used in the examination of masked or obliterated, watermarks visible fluorescent and oblique illumination of indented writing and embossing (b) detects variation in the infra red characteristics of inks (c) reveals alterations by eliminating interfering background luminescence

Video spectral comparison (VSC)

After the document examiner has completed his examination and the laboratory report has been submitted, he prepares the photographic exhibits for court demonstration and illustration

Preparation of court exhibits