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Criminalistics > Question Documents > Flashcards

Question Documents Flashcards

1
Q

any material that contains a mark, symbol or sign, either visible, partially visible or invisible that may presently or ultimately convey a meaning or a message to someone. it is any written statement by a right is established or an obligation extinguished.

A

Document

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2
Q

document to which an issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny.

A

Questioned document

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3
Q

document in which the origin is known can be proven and can legally be used as sample to compare with other things that is questioned.

A

Standard document

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4
Q

collected/procurred standard - standard specimen executed in the regular course of a man’s activity.

requested/dictated standard (post litem motam) - standard document which are executed upon request

A

Types of standard

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5
Q

documents which are not more than 5 years before and after

A

Contemporary document

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6
Q

Legal classification of documents

A

Public document
Official document
Private document
Commercial document

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7
Q

the combination of the basic shape and designs of letter and the writing movement which was taught in school

A

System of writing

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8
Q

an illustration of the basic design of letters that is fundamental to the writing system

A

Copy book form

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9
Q

refers to factors relative to the motion of the pen such as, pressure, rhythm, pen lifting, etc.

A

writing movement

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10
Q

the visible result of a very complicated series of acts, being as a whole or a combination of certain forms which are the very visible result of mental and muscular habits acquired by long continued painstaking effort.

A

writing

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11
Q

a visible effect of bodily movement which is an almost unconscious expressions of fixed muscular habits, reacting from fixed mental impression of cerain ideas assosciated with script form.

A

hand writing

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12
Q

any repeated elements of one’s handwriting which serves as an identifying details

A

writing habits

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13
Q

elements of one’s writing that are sufficiently unique and well fixed to serve as a strong basis of individuality

A

significant writing habits

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14
Q

the relative degree of writing inclination relative to the baseline

A

slant

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15
Q

an imaginary or straight line in which the writing rest.

A

baseline

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16
Q

Types of handwriting

A

CURSIVE - most part are joined together
HANDLETTERING - disconected style
DISGUISED - executed with an attempt of changing its usual writing habits
NATURAL WRITING - executed normally without attempt of altering its usual writing habits
GUIDED/ASSISTED WRITING - executed while the writer’s hand is at steadied

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17
Q

a name of person signed by himself on a document as a sign of acknowledgement.

A

Signature

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18
Q

genuine signature which has been used in preparing a simulated or traced forgery

A

model signature

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19
Q

specimen signature which was executed in particular date, time and place, under a particullar writer’s condition and for a particular purpose.

A

evidential signature

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20
Q

Classes of signature

A

FORMAL
INFORMAL
CARELESS SCRIBBLE

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21
Q

an act of falsifying or counterfeiting any treasure or bank notes, paper bills or any document which are payable to the bearer

A

forgery

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22
Q

Major types of forgery

A

SIMPLE FORGERY
SIMULATED FORGERY
TRACED FORGERY

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23
Q

methods of tracing

A

Carbon outline process
Indention process
Projection or transmitted light process
Laser method

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24
Q

refers to any property, marks or elements which distiguishes also referred to as identifying details

A

Characteristics

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25
Q

Types of characteristics

A

CLASS CHARACTERISTICS

INDIVIDUAL CHARACTERISTICS

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26
Q

elements of forms in writing

A 
arc
beard
blunt
buckle knot
central part
dactus link
dactus broken
eyelet/eyeloop
hitch
hiatus
humps
knob
loop
stem/shank/staff
inital/terminal spur
through
whirl
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27
Q

rounded inner part of the upper curve, bend crook

A

arc

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28
Q

an introductory up and down strokes found in some capital letters. also called as double hitch

A

beard

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29
Q

part of a stroke characterized by a abrupt beginning or end at which the pen dies not creates a diminishing stroke

A

blunt

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30
Q

a horizontal or loop strokes used to complete letters A, H, F and D.

A

buckle knot

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31
Q

body of the letter characterized by a small rounded or circular strokes

A

central part

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32
Q

refers to the connection between letters either joined or disconnected

A

dactus link and dactus broken

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33
Q

refers to a small oblong strokes

A

eyelet/eyeloop

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34
Q

an introductory backward strokes found in most capital lettters and in some small letters

A

hitch

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35
Q

an obvious gap between letters

A

hiatus

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36
Q

outer portion if an upper curve bend or crook

A

humps

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37
Q

tiny pool of an ink at the beginning or ending strokes

A

knob

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38
Q

oblong strokes

A

loop

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39
Q

consdered as the backbone of the letters characterized as a long downward strokes

A

stem/shank/staff

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40
Q

long running initial or terminal strokes

A

through

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41
Q

long upward strokes usually found opposite the stem

A

whirl

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42
Q

added strokes that serves as an ornamental or fluorish to the design of the letters

A

embellishments

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43
Q

strokes added to complete certain letters.

A

diacritics

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44
Q

refers to all factors relative to the motion of the pen

A

writing movement

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45
Q

visible records in the written strokes of the basic movements and manner of holding the writing instument.

A

line quality

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46
Q

types of movements

A 
finger (used by beginners)
hand (limited freedom)
forearm (most skillfull type of movement)
whole arm (used for ornamental or large writings)
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47
Q

average or usual pressure applied in writing

A

pen pressure

48
Q

act of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper surface with and increase speed

A

pen emphasis

49
Q

the harmonious or balance recurrence of stokes or impulses

A

rhythm

50
Q

degree of writers proficiency in writing

A

skills

51
Q

cannot be measured precisely from finished handwriting but it can be interpreted in broad term as to either fast, slow or moderate

A

speed

52
Q

interruption in strokes by sudden removal of the writing instrument from the paper surface

A

pen lift

53
Q

refers to the more obvious increase in width of the letter strokes

A

shading

54
Q

the realtive location of the pen to the paper surface

A

pen position

55
Q

the reach of the hand with the wrist at rest

A

pen scope

56
Q

strokes which goes back over another writing strokes that is slightly to occur in others writing

A

retracing or retraced

57
Q

strokes which goes back over a defective portion of a writing to repair or correct an error

A

retouching or patching

58
Q

Factors that affects writing characteristics

A 
natural variations 
transitory change
tremor
writing condition
writing instrument
59
Q

refers to any form of changes either an addition or a deletion to the original content of the document which is not a part of original preparation

A

alteration

60
Q

Refers to removal of writings or any part of a document either by mechanical or chemical process

A

Erasure

61
Q

Done by means of abrasive method through rubbing or scrapping

A

Mechanical erasure

62
Q

Done with the aid or use of bleaching agent called ink eradicator usually examined with the aid of fuming, transmitted light, oblique light and ultra violet light examination

A

Chemical erasure

63
Q

The process of smearing over an original writing to make it undecipherable or illegible. Done with the used or super imposing inks. Usually examined with the used of infrared light

A

Oblitiration

64
Q

Refers to partly burned or brittle document. Decipherment is usually accomplished with the used of infra-red light examination.

A

Charred document

65
Q

Writing that has no readily visible ink strokes. made by symphatetic inks such as acids, juice and oyhers. Methods of development can be heat, water, chemical fuming or by ultra-violet process

A

Invisible writing

66
Q

Refers to partially visible ink strokes cause by sudden contact between sheet of paper with another paper containing fresh ink. Can be enhanced through fuming or ultra-violet light process

A

Contact writing

67
Q

The printing surface of the block in a conventional typewriter.
In electric typewriter it is printing surface of the rotating head sphere

A

Typeface

68
Q

Any form of peculiarity of the type printing caused by actual damage to the typeface metal or which maybe an abnormality in its printing condition

A

Typeface defect

69
Q

In connection to typewriting, it is used to include letters, symbols numeral or points of punctuation

A

Characters

70
Q

typeface impression ordinarily spaced ten (10) characters to the horizontal inch.

A

Pica typeface

71
Q

Typeface impression ordinarily spaced twelve (12) characters to the horizontal inch.

A

Elite typeface

72
Q

A typewriter with a type letter spacing similar to type spacing of conventional printed in which all letters are alloted horizontal in conformity with their relative widths.

A

Proportional spacing machine

73
Q

Is an identifying typewriter characteristics which can be eliminated by simply cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon

A

Transitory defects

74
Q

Any identifying typewriting characteristics of the typeface which cannot be corrected by sinpky cleaning the machine or replacing the ribbon

A

Permanent defects

75
Q

Refers to defect in the printing condition of the type character in which tye letters are printed either at the top or bottom, left or right inclined from its proper position.

A

Mal allignment or allignment defects

76
Q

Principal technique utilized in typewriting identification

A
  1. Measure the typeface pitch
  2. Verify the type size and design (W-G-T)
  3. Look for individual typeface defects
77
Q

A character printing above or below its proper position

A

Vertical mal allignment

78
Q

An allignment defect in which the the character are printed to the left or right of its proper position

A

Horizontal mal allignment

79
Q

Letters and characters are designed to be printed at a certain angle to the baseline. Once letters leans to the left or right of its proper position such is called _______________

A

Twisted letters

80
Q

Condition of thr typeface printing at which the character outline is not equally printed, that is the printing is heavier in the one side than the remainder of the outline of the character

A

Off its feet

81
Q

Typeface defect in which a character prints a double impression with the lighter one slightly off setto the right or left

A

Rebound

82
Q

Any peculiarity of tupewriting caused by actual damage to the type face metal

A

Actual breakage

83
Q

Typeface defect characterized by dirty printsdue to constant use without cleaning of the tupe bar or due to use of new carbon, these are common in closed letter outline such as O, a, p, g etc

A

Clogged typeface (dirty)

84
Q

Kinds of writing

A

Cursive
Script
Block

85
Q

Types of signature

A

Conventional type

Highly individualized type

86
Q

Classifications of line quality

A

Good line quality

Poor line quality

87
Q

The relation of parts of the whole line pf writing of individual letters in words to the baseline

A

Allignment

88
Q

The relation between the tall and the short letters is reffered to as “_____________” of the writing

A

Proportion or Ratio

89
Q

Series of lines or curves within the letters of the alphabet

A

Stroke structure

90
Q

The act of maki a close or critical study of any material and with questioned document its the process necessary to dicover facts about them

A

Examination

91
Q

Any study or examination which made with aid of microscope in order to discover minute physical details

A

Microscopic examination

92
Q

As used in this text means critical comparison or side by side examination

A

Collation

93
Q

The act of setting two or more items side by side to weight their identifying qualities

A

Comparison

94
Q

In legal language the document examiner’ conclusion

A

Opinion

95
Q

These are normal and usual deviations found between repeated specimen of any individual writing or in the product of any typewriter

A

Variation

96
Q

Causes of variation

A
  1. Lack of machine like precision
  2. External factors such as writing instrument and writig position
  3. Physical and mental factors
  4. The quality of writing prepared in the course of time
97
Q

Points to consider for collected standard

A
  1. The amount of standard writing available
  2. Similarity of subject matter
  3. Dates of preparation
  4. Writing material
  5. Writing condition
98
Q

Source of standard

A
  1. Personal document
  2. Educational papers
  3. Vocational papers
  4. Financial documents
  5. Social/recreational/fraternal documents
  6. Corporate documents
  7. Motor vehicle documents
  8. Military documents
  9. Governmental and public records
  10. Criminal documents
  11. Miscellaneous documents
99
Q

A legal term which involves not only a non genuine document but also on part of its maker

A

Forgery

100
Q

The lower part which rest on the baseline

A

Foot

101
Q

A minute curve or angle which often accurs at the end of the terminal strokes

A

Hook

102
Q

Outside portion of the top curve

A

Shoulder

103
Q

A hort horizontal initial or terminal stroke of a letter

A

Spur

104
Q

Ant short backward stroke which usually occurs at the top of letters

A

Tick

105
Q

Pointd in the examination of extended writings (anonymous letter, threat letter, poison letter

A
  1. Uniformity
  2. Irregularities
  3. Size and proportion
  4. Allignment
  5. Spacing
  6. Degree of slant
  7. Formation and design of letter
  8. Alterations
106
Q

Kinds of alteration

A
  1. Erasure
  2. Obliteration
  3. Addition
  4. Substraction
  5. Interlineation
  6. Superimposition
  7. Decipherment
  8. Ink eradicator
107
Q

Kinds of muscles of hand

A

Extensor - muscles that push the pen to form upward stroke

Flexor - muscles that push pen to form downward stroke

Extensor, flexor and lumbricals - muscles to form the lateral strokes

108
Q

Stereoscopic examination with low and high power objective is used to detect retouching, patching and unnatural pen lift in signature analysis. With proper angle intensity of illumination, it aids in the decipherment of erasures, some minutes manipulation not perfectly pictured to the unaided eye, and the sequence of entries done by different writing instrument

A

Microscopic examination

109
Q

Documents are subjected to this type of examination to determine the presence of erasures, matching of serrationand some other typesof alteration

A

Transmitted light examination

110
Q

Decipherment of faded writing, determination of outline in in traced forgery, embossed impression, etc are subjected to this type of alteration

A

Oblique light examination

111
Q

This type of examination is very essential in every document examination. Actual observations are recorded in the photograph

A

Photographic examination

112
Q

Indention/indented writings and records transparencies of any indention.

A

Electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA)

113
Q

The exposure of a document to this useful when it consist of several pages and substitution is being suspected. The color and intensity of a substituted page. Mechanical and chemical erasure will certainly change the reflectively of the erea affected

A

Ultra violet examination

114
Q

(a) Used in the examination of masked or obliterated, watermarks visible fluorescent and oblique illumination of indented writing and embossing
(b) detects variation in the infra red characteristics of inks
(c) reveals alterations by eliminating interfering background luminescence

A

Video spectral comparison (VSC)

115
Q

After the document examiner has completed his examination and the laboratory report has been submitted, he prepares the photographic exhibits for court demonstration and illustration

A

Preparation of court exhibits

Criminalistics (6 decks)

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