Forensic Ballistics Flashcards
1
Q
the science of the motion of the porjectile and the condition that affects their motion.
A
ballitstics
2
Q
refers to the mobility or movement of the projectile from the time it leaves the shell empty
A
motion
3
Q
any metallic or non-metallic ball which is propelled from a firearm
A
projectile
4
Q
three (3) general types of motion
A
direct motion
rotatory motion
translation motion
5
Q
the forward motion of the bullet or shots out of the shell by the action of the expansive force of gases from a burning gunpowder
A
direct motion
6
Q
the action of the bullet passing through a rifled bore barrel firearm which is either twisted to the left or to the right
A
rotatory motion
7
Q
the action of bullet once it hits a target and subsequently ricocheted
A
translational motion
8
Q
origin of the word ballistics
A
the word ballistitcs was derived from two (2) greek words. the word “ballo” and the word “ballein” which literally means “to throw” the term also said to have been derived from Roman war machine called “ballista”
9
Q
three (3) divisions of ballistics
A
internal ballistics
external ballistics
terminal ballistics
10
Q
it treats of the motion of the projectile while it still inside the firearm (chamber/barrel) which extends from the breech to the muzzle
A
interior (internal) ballistics
11
Q
the priming mixture is composed of ________
A
KCLO3, sulfur and carbon located at either at the cavity rim or at the center of the primer upon the striking effect of the firing pin
12
Q
striking effect of the firing pin will ignite and such action is called
A
percussion action
13
Q
the equal and opposite reaction of the gun against the forward movement of the bullet opin explosion
A
recoil
14
Q
the backward or rearward movement of the gun in relation to the forward movement of the bullet
A
recoil
15
Q
another portion of the recoil action characterized as the backward and upward movement of that takes place before the bullet leaves the muzzle
A
jump
16
Q
the relative speed of the bullet per unit of time while it is still inside the barrel expressed in feet per second
A
velocity of the bullet insde the barrel
17
Q
the whole internal ballistics
A
firing pin hitting the primer ignition of the priming mixture combustion of the gunpowder or propellant expansion of the heated gas pressure developed energy generated recoil of the gun velocity of the bullet inside the barrel rotation of the bullet inside the barrel engraving of the cylindrical surface of the bullet
18
Q
treats of the attributes or movement of the porjectile after leaving the gun muzzle
A
exterior (external) ballistics
19
Q
the noise created at the muzzle point of the gun
A
muzzle blast
20
Q
energy generated at the muzzle point measured in foot pound
A
muzzle energy
21
Q
refers to the parabola-like flight of the projectile from the time it leaves the muzzled until it hits the target
A
trajectory
22
Q
also described as the actual curve path taken by the bullet
A
trajectory
23
Q
it refers to the imaginary straight distance between the muzzle of the gun and the target
A
range
24
Q
3 types of range
A
accurate range
effective range
maximum range
25
the distance within which the shooter or gunner has control of his shots
accurate range
26
the distance within which when the bullet was fired it is still capable of inflicting fatal injury
effective range
27
the distance that a projectile can be propelled from a firearm
maximum range
28
the farthest distance the bullet could travel
maximum range
29
refers to the rate of speed of the bullet (during its flight) per unit of time usually express is feet per second
velocity
30
it is the downward reaction of the bullet towards the earth surface due to its weight
pull of gravity
31
refers to the force of the air encounter by the bullet in its flight
air resistance
32
the whole external ballistics
```
muzzle blast
muzzle energy
trajectory
range
velocity
pull of gravity
air resistance
```
33
branch of ballistics which deals with the effects of the impact of the projectile on the target
terminal ballistics
34
it refers to the size of the bullet grouping on the target
terminal accuracy
35
the energy or force of the projectile when it strikes the target same as stiking energy
terminal energy
36
the speed of the bullet upin striking the target
terminal velocity
37
the depth of entry of the bullet in the target
terminal penetration
38
the whole teminal ballitics
terminal accuracy
terminal energy
terminal velocity
terminal penetration
39
the branch of ballistics is the product of the application of the ballistics to law
forensic ballistics
40
the study of the motion of the projectile as applied to law or simply the science of firearm identification by means of the ammunition fired through them
forensic ballistics
41
scope of forensic ballistics
field investigation
ballistics technical examination of the exhibits
legal proceedings
42
wizard of the modern firearms and pioneered the breech loading single shot rifled which was adopted at winchester
john f. browning
43
oatenter the first practical revolver and maker of the colt peace maker, a famous revolver in the history
samuel colt
44
father of the percussion powder
alexander john forsyth
45
an israeli army who designed UZI (israel) in the year 1950
major uziel gal
46
father of modern ballistics
col. calvin h. goddard
47
designed and invented the semi automatic U.S. rifle cal. 30 m1 garand
john c. garand
48
a well-known expert int he field of smg (also known as grease gun) developed in 1941 m3a1 (USA)
george hyde
49
designed the AK 47 (soviet union) adopted by the russian army int eh year 1951
michael kalashnikov
50
AK 47 means
automat kalashnikova 47
51
founded the great firm of smith and wesson and pioneered in making breech loading rifles
horace smith
52
designed the U.S. m16 armalite under licensed by colt company from juy 1959 onwards
eugene stoner
53
depeloved shotgun bearing his name now the ithaca gun company
L.C. smith
54
developed in the course of WW1 the thompson m1a1 adn model of 1928 a1 (usa) pioneered the making of thompson sub machine gun
john t. thompson
55
associates of horace smith in the making of revolver
daniel b. wesson
56
maker of the known carbine
david marshall "carbine" williams
57
on of the best rifle and pistol maker
oliver winchester
58
the marvelous power of arts and nature
de mirabili poteste artis et naturae
59
a flintlock repeating rifle operated on a revolving principle
collier rifle
60
1st breeach loader adopted by the U.S. army made by col. john hall in 1811
hall rifle
61
pin fire cartridge was developed by
le faucheux
62
a much real pin fire cartridge was also developed by
houiller
63
smokeless was used in shotgun first in 1864 by
capt. eschultze of prussian army
64
smokeless was used in rifle by the year 1884 by
M. vielle of france
65
the most famous revolver in history and legend was manufactured
1873 (colt peace maker) model 1873, 45 cal.
66
developed the dirst fully automatic machine gun
hiram maxim (1884)
67
legal definition of firearms
firearms or arms as herein used, includes rifles, muskets, carbines, shotguns, pistol, revlover, and all other deadly weapons, to which a bullet, ball, shot, shell or other missiles maybe discharge
68
technical definition of firearms
firearms is an instrument used for the prepulsion of projectile by means of the expansive force gases coming from burning gunpowder (fbi manual of firearms identification)
69
2 general classification of firearms (according to interior barrel construction)
smooth bore firearms
| rifled bore firearms
70
firearms that have no rifling (lands and grooves) inside their gun barrel
smooth bore firearms
71
examples of smooth bore firearms
shotgun and carbine
72
firearms that have rifling inside their gun barrel
rifled bore firearms
73
examples of rifled bore firearms
pistols, revolvers and other modern weapons
74
refers to those type of firearms that propels projectile with more than one inch diameter
artillery
75
examples of artillery
canon, mortars and bazookas
76
firearms that propels projectile with less thatn one inch diameter and it can be handled, moved and operated by one man
small arms
77
examples of small arms
machine gun, shoulder arms and handguns
78
firearms that is primarily designed for military use
machine gun
79
a light, portable form of machine gun, utilizing a pistol size ammunition, having a shoulder stock that may or may not be folded and designed to be fired with both hands
sub machine gun
80
types of firearms that were normally fired from the shoulder
shoulder arms
81
a shoulder weapon designed to fire a projectile with more accuracy through a long rifled bore barrel, usually more than 22 inches
rifles
82
a short barrel rifle, with its barrel rifle, measuring not longer thatn 22 inches. it fires a single projectile through a rifle-bore either semi-automatic or fully automatic, for every press of the triger
carbine
83
an ancient smoothbore and muzzle loading military shoulder arms designed to fire a shots or single round lead ball.
muskets
84
a smooth bore and a breeach loading shoulder arms designed to fire a number of lead pellets or shots in once charge
shotgun
85
different bore construction of shotgun
cylinder bore type
choke bored gun
paradox gun
86
the bore size is the same through out the barrel
cylinder bore tyoe
87
designed with a diminishing or reducing bore diamter type towards the muzzle. this type is designed to cause an effect to the travel of shots.
choke bored gun
88
it make the shots travel longer before it spreads
choke bored gun
89
a type of shotgun that has rifling only a few inch from its muzzle points
paradox gun
90
those type of firearms that are designed or inteded to be fired using one hand
handguns
91
examples of handguns
pistols and revolvers
92
three classes of pistols
```
single shot pistol
semi automatic pistol
revolving pistol (revolver)
```
93
a type of firearms designed to position cartridge into position for firing with the aid of a rotating cylinder serving as ts chamber
revolver
94
2 types of revolver (according to its mechanical firing action)
single action revolver
| double action revolver
95
a type of revolver that need a manual cocking of the hammer before squeezing the trigger
single action revolver
96
a type of revolver that does not need manual cocking. just press the trigger and it both cocked and released the hammer causing a much faster firing
double action revolver
97
types of firearms (according to the mechanical construction)
```
single shot firearms
repeating arms
automatic firearms
slide action type
bolt action type
lever type (break type)
```
98
types of firearms designed to fire only one shot every loading. examples: single shot pistols revolvers rifles and shotguns
single shot firearms
99
a type of firearms designed to fire several loads (shots) in one loading. examples: automatic pistols revolvers rifles and shotguns
repeating arms
100
type of firearms that constitutes a continuous firing in a single press of the trigger and while the trigger is press. examples: machine guns and rifles
automatic firearms
101
types of firearms in which loading take place by back and forth manipulation of the under/over forearms of the gun. examples: riflis, shotgun and pistols
slide action type
102
type of firearms in which reloading takes place by manipulating the both back and forth. examples: rifles, shotguns and machine guns
bolt action type
103
type of firearms which loading takes place by lever action on the firearms. examples: rifles and shotguns
lever type (break type)
104
miscellaneous types of gun
```
cane gun
knife pistol
cellphone gun
flare gun
freakish gun
gas gun
harpoon gun
liberator
multi barreled gun
paradox gun
tools
traps
zip gun
```
105
refers to all home made gun
zip gun or improvised firearm
106
refers to loaded shell for rifles, muskets, carbine, shotgun, revolvers and pistols from which a ball, shot shell or other missiles maybe fired by means of gun powder or other explosive.
legal definition of ammunition
107
refers to a group of cartridge or to a single cartrige.
technical definition of ammunition
108
a complete unfired unit consisting of bullet (ball), primer (cap), cartridge case (shell) and gunpowder (propellant)
cartridge
109
origin of the word cartridge
cartridge is derived from the latin word "charta" meaning paper and also from the french word "cartouche" meaning rolled paper this only indicate that the first type of cartridge was made up of rolled paper
110
what century the term cartridge was used
16th century
111
general types of ammunition
```
dummy (used as model)
drill ammunition (without gun powder)
black ammunition (without bullet)
live ammunition
```
112
classification of cartridge
According to the location of primer
pin-fire
rim-fire
center-fire
```
According to the rim diameter
rimmed case type
semi-rimmed type
rimless type
rebated type
belted type
```
```
According to caliber
cal. 22
cal. 25
cal. 30 (mauser)
cal. 20 (luger)
cal. 32
cal. 380
cal. 357
cal. 45
cal 50
```
113
type of cartridge in which the ignition cap (primer) is concealed inside the cartridge case and has a pin resting upon it
pin-fire cartridge
114
type of cartridge in which the priming mixture is located at the hallow rim of the case can be fired if the cartridge is tuck by the firing pin on the rim of the case (cavity rim)
rim-fire cartridge
115
refers to a cartridge in which the primer cup (ignition cap) is centrally placed in the base of the cartridge case and the priming mixture is exploded by the impact of the firing pin and with the support of the anvil
center-fire cartridge
116
refers to the cartridge with rimless pattern, but which has a rim diameter smaller than the body of the case
rebated type
117
a cartridge with a prominent raise belt around its body just in front of the extraction groove
belted type
118
cal. 22
5.59 mm - used in revolver, pistol and rifles
119
cal. 25
6.35 mm - used in pistols and rifles
120
cal. 30 (mauser)
7.63 mm - used for carbines and other rifles
121
cal. 30 (luger)
7.63 mm
122
cal. 32
7.65 mm - used for automatic pistols and revolvers
123
cal. 380
9 mm - used for pistols
124
cal. 357
used in magnum 357 revolvers
125
cal. 45
11 mm - used in automatic pistols
126
cal. 50
used in 50 cal. machine gun
127
refers to a complete unit of unfired cartridge consisting of the pellets, primer, case, wads and gunpowder
shotgun cartridge
128
the unit measurement used in shotgun is expressed in?
gauge
129
this is determined by the number of solid lead balls of pure lead, each with diameter of the barrel that can be prepared from one pound of lead
gauge of shotgun
130
considered the biggest diameter gauge of a shotgun
10 - gauge
131
considered the smalles diamter gauge of a shotgun
410 - gauge
132
10 gauge
775 inch
133
12 gauge
729 inch
134
16 gauge
670 inch
135
20 gauge
615 inch
136
28 gauge
550 inch
137
410 gauge
410 inch
138
types of shots
soft or drop shots
chilled or hard shots
coated or plated shots
buck shots
139
made by pure or nearly pure lead, to which a small amount of arsenic has been added to make it take on the form of spherical drop as it fall down the shot tower.
soft or drop shots
140
this type is easy to deformed or flattened, loose their velocity quicker, low penetrating power and string out more
soft or drop shots
141
type of shot with a small amount of antimony mixed with lead to increase hardness. it does not deform easily, better patterns, less string and more uniform velocity and penetration
chilled or hard shots
142
also called as "lubaloy" shot.
coated or plated shots
143
a chilled shot coated with thin copper through electroplating design for greater strength and elasticity, great resistance to deformation and leading and better pattern
coated or plated shots
144
a large size lead shot for used in shotgun
buck shots
145
origin of the word bullet
the word bullet was derived from the french word "boullete" which means a small ball. this term is generally used when we are referring to projectile fired from any small arms.
146
general types of bullet
lead type
| jacketed type
147
types of bullet (according to their maximum effect to their targets)
```
ball type
armor piercing
explosive bullet
incendiary bullet
tracer bullet
```
148
type of a bullet that is basically composed of lead metal. its used was due to its density having a good weight is a small size and easy for casting
lead type
149
tpye of bullet consisting of the regular lead core, coated with a copper alloy in order to prevent lead
jacketed type
150
type of bullet which is intended for anty-personnel and general use
ball type
151
type of military bullet designed to penetrate light steel armor. its mechanical construction makes it capable of penetrating through some light vehicle
armor piercing
152
a small bullet containing a charge of explosive, which will detonate on impact
explosive bullet
153
type of military bullet used to cause fire in a target, gengerally designed to use by aircraft armament in order for the fuel tanks to ignite
incendiary bullet
154
type of military buller capable of leaving visible marks or traces while in flight giving the gunner a chance to observe the strike of the shot or make adjustments in the event of a miss
tracer bullet
155
a metallic or non-metallic tabular container usually of brass (70% copper and 30%zinc) designed to unite bullet, primer and the gunpowder into one unit.
cartridge case
156
it is also known as shell or casing
cartridge case
157
functions of the cartridge case
1. it locates the bullet properly relative to the bore of the firearm.
2. it is used to carry the means of ignition
3. it provides gas seals at the breech against an unwanted escape of propellant gas upon firing
4. serves as waterproof container for the propellant or powder charge
5. acts as the insulator between the propellant and the hot walls of the chamber in a rapid firing of firearms
158
parts of the cartridge case
```
base
rim
extracting grooves
primer pocket
body
shoulder
cannelure
neck
crimp
vent or flash hole
```
159
the bottom portion of the cartridge case whoch contains the head stamp marking on the base of the shell containing the caliber, manufacturer and in some cases including the date, trade name, and batch number
base
160
the part of the cartridge designed to limit the formward movement of the cartridge chamber
rim
161
the cicular groove near the rim of the shell designed for automatic withrawal of the case from the chamber
extracting grooves
162
that part of the shell which provides the means for the primer to be put in the central position.
primer pocket
163
functions of primer pocket
hold the primer in place
to provide means to prevent escape of gas
to provide solid support for primer anvil
164
the cylindrical part of the shell which house the gunpowder
body
165
part of the cartridge case which support the neck of the cartridge which is evident in a bottleneck type
shoulder
166
the cylindrical groove in the outer surface of the cartidge case designed to secure the shell to the chamber as well as prevent bullet from being push down to the powder charhe. in some instance it is even being utilized for identification
cannelure
167
part of the shell whoch is actually occupied by the bullet. this is abvious ina a bottleneck type of shell but noy with a straight type
neck
168
the cylindrical groove on the mouth of the shell
crimp
169
two (2) puroposes of crimp
1. to hold the bullet and prevent it from being pull out form it shell
2. offers resistance to the bullet out of the neck to ensure burning of the gun powder
170
the hole at the bottomg of the primer pocket as the passage way for the priming mixture to impart an ignition to the propellant charge
vent or flash hole
171
the ignition system of the cartridge used ina center fire type, containing a higly sensitive chemical compound that woud easily ignite or bursts into flame when struck by the firing pin.
primer
172
it may either be berdan or boxer type it is also known as percussion cup
primer
173
a type of primer construction which was designed in 1860's by col. Hiram S. Berdan of the U.S. army ordinance dept.
berdan type primer
174
developed by col. Edward M. Boxer of the royal laboratory at woolwich arsenal in the 1866
boxer type primer
175
parts of the primer
primer cup
priming mixture
anvil
disc
176
the highly sensitive chemical compound which ignites by the mechanical blow of the firing pin. it is also called as percussion powder
priming mixture
177
the brass gilding metal cup which contains the priming mixture the disc and the anvil
primer cup
178
that portion of the primer which provides solid support and absorbs the blow of the firing piin causing friction that would initiates ignition
anvil
179
a thin paper or foil which is pressed over the priming mixture in order to protect it from the moisture attack
disc
180
also called as propellant and power charge
gunpowder
181
the mixture of chemicals of carious compositions designed to prepel projectile by means of its expansive force of gas when burned
gunpowder
182
two (2) of the most popular individuals whose name is always attached to gunpowder discovery
roger bacon and berthold schwartz
183
a franciscan monk, who wrote the "de mirabili poteste artis et naturae" (the marvelous power of art and nature) including an anagram (nag a ram)
roger bacon (1242 A.D.)
184
a mysterious monk of freburg, who according to legend that is supported by an engraving dated 1643, while experimenting on some powder in a cast iron vessel, he ignited a charge and this blew off the lid, and from this deduced the principle of containing a charge in a tube and propelling a shot
berthold schwartz
185
berthold schartz real name
constantin anklitzen
186
the oldest known explosive, was iniatlly made from saltpeter (75%) charcoal (15%) and sulfur (10%)
black powder
187
the basic ingredient used for smokeless powder
nitrocellulose
188
how nitrocellulose is produced
by adding nitric acid into cellulose fiber
189
who made the first succesful use of smokeless powder in shot gun
captain e. schultze (1864)
190
french developed the first smokless powder for riffle in the 1884
later m. vieille
191
later m. vieille named smokeless powder after gen. boulanger
puodre B
192
invented a smokeless powder with a nitroglycerine (40%) and nitrocellulose (60%) as the main composition and called it "ballistite"
alfred Nobel
193
nire powerful thatn picric acid but much difficult to detonate
tri-nitrololeune (TNT)
194
picric acid in addition to cellulose powder is called
lyddite
195
a smokeless powder with same composition as nobel in the form of cords or sticks
cordite
196
what year the smokeless powder had replaced the black powder
early 1890's
197
smokeless powder was uniformly used worldwide in the year
1900's
198
stages of manifacture of barrel
drilling
reaming
riffling
lapped
199
this process neccessary for the making of the helical groves inside the barrel
riffling
200
methods performed in riffling
hook - cutter system (cutter)
scrape - cutter system (scraper)
broaching system - (broach)
button - (button)
201
types of characteristics of firearms
```
class characteristics
individual characteristics
```
202
those properties or attributes of a firearms which can be determined even before the manifacture of the gun. this is true for such characteristics are considered to be a manufacture's designs or specifications and security
class characteristics
203
class characteristics of a firearm
```
bore diameter
number of lands and grooves
width of the lands
width of the grooves
direction of twist
pitch of rifiling
depth of the grooves
```
204
the groove's depth if measured on a radius of the bore. igrooves are usually few thousandths of an inch deep, which equal to the height of the lands
depth of the grooves
205
it is the measure of the twisting of the lands and grooves.
pitch of riffling
206
refers to the measure of the distance advance by the riffling in order to make a complete turn inside the barrel
pitch of riffling
207
the number of lands and grooves inside the barrel of a given firearm are always the same or equal.
number of lands and grooves
208
it may run from 3 to 8, but the most in the modern firearm are 5 and 6
number of lands and grooves
209
the elevated portion of the bore of the firearm
lands
210
the depressed postion of the bore between the lands
grooves
211
measured as the shortest distance between the two dies or edge or grooves
width of the grooves
212
riffling inside the barrel of the gun is either twisted to the left or to the right which cause bullet to rotate as it passes through the bore, in order to ensure gyroscopic stability in its flight
direction of twist
213
the diameter to which the bore was reamed.
bore diameter
214
the distance measured between two opposite lands inside the bore in a hundredths or thousandths of an inch. in most express in either caliver in inch or in millimeters
bore diameter
215
meant for those characteristics which are being determined only after the firearm was already been manufactured.
individual characteristics
216
they are the product of machine imperfections and some later due to the used of the firearms
individual characteristics
