Forensic Medicine Flashcards
1
Q
A science and art of dealing with prevention, cure and alleviation of disease. It is that part of science and art of restoring and preserving health
A
Medicine
2
Q
Is that branch of medicine which deals with the application of knowledge to the purposes of law and in the administration pf justice
A
Legal medicine
3
Q
Use of science to elucidate legal problems without specific reference or application to a particular case. It encompasses a variety of fields in forensic science such as pathology. Anthropology, odontology, toxicology, entomology and others
A
Forensic medicine
4
Q
A branch pf law which concerns with the aspects of law and legal concepts to medical practice. It includes right, duties and liabilities of physician, patient and health institution
A
Medical jurisprudence
5
Q
Difference between medical jurist and ordinary physician
A
- An ordinary physician ignores trivial injuries not needing treatment which a medical jurist records all injuries to qualify the crime or justify the act
- An ordinary physician sees injury or disease to be able to treat while a medical jurist sees injury or disease in order to find out the cause
- The purpose of an ordinary physician is to arrive at a defenite diagnostic and institute proper treatment while a medical jurist testifies on bodily lesion seen for justice
6
Q
The system used in the philippines, which is handled by a medical jurist who is a registered physician duly qualified to practice medicine in the phil. The NBI and PNP have their own medical jurist who handles medico legal cases. His duty is to examined the victim or assailant to make report, and to appear in the court as an expert witness when summoned by the proper authorities
A
Medico legal office system
7
Q
The _____________________ system is headed by a country coroner or borough coroner who may he a barrister, solicitoror a legally qualified practitioner of not less than (5) years standing in his profession and is elected by the country council or borough council
A
Coroner system
8
Q
Evidence is the means sanctioned by the rules of court, of ascertaining the judicial proceeding the truth responding a matter of fact
A
Medical evidence
9
Q
This is an evidence made known or addressed tonthe senses of the court. It is not limited to that which is know tonthe sense of vision. But is extended to what the sense of hearing, tadet, Smell and touch is percieved
A
Autoptic or real evidence
10
Q
Limitations to the presentation of autoptic or real evidence
A
Indescency and impropriety
11
Q
A physician may be commanded to appearbefore a court for his testimony. While in the witness stand, he is obligated to answer the question profounded by the counsel and presiding officer of the court. His testimony must be given orally and under oath or affirmation
A
Testimonial evidence
12
Q
Types of physical evidence
A
Corpus delicti - objects or substance which may be a part of the body pf the crime
Assosiative evidence - these are physical evidences which link a suspect to the crime
Traving evidence - these are physical evidences which may assist the investigator in loating the suspect
13
Q
The greater the number of similarities and disimilarities, the greater the is the probability of the conclusion to be correct
A
Law of multiplicity of evidence
14
Q
Methods of identification
A
By comparison - with the use of standard specimen, evidence under question can be compared in order to effect identification
By exclusion - is 2 or more persons have to be identified and all but one is not yet identified, the. The one whose identity is not yet established may be known by the process of elimination
15
Q
Characteristics that may easily be changed
A
Growtg of hair Bear or mustache Clothing Frequent place of visit Grade of profession Body ornamentation
16
Q
Characteristics that may not be easily changed
A
Mental memory
Speech
Gait (a manner of walking)
17
Q
A gait which the foot is raised high , thrown forward and brought down suddenly
A
Ataxic gait
18
Q
A gait associated with the staggering movement
A
Cerebellar gait
19
Q
A swaying movement due to knock-knee
A
Cow’s gait
20
Q
A gait in which the steps are short, the feet dragged, the legs held more or less widely
A
Paretic gait
21
Q
A gait in which the legs are held together and moves in stiff manner, and toes to drag and catch
A
Spastic gait
22
Q
A gait resembling duck
A
Waddling gait
23
Q
A hoping gait in infantile paralysis
A
Frog gait
24
Q
The straight line connecting the center of the succeeding steps. It is more or less in zigzag fashion especially when the legs are far apart ehile walking
A
Gait line
25
The longitudinal line drawn or each foot mark
Foot line
26
These are the characteristics movement of the body particullar to a person
Mannerism
27
Points of identification applicable to both living and dead before onset decompositiond
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Occupational marks
Race
Stature
Teeth
Tattoo marks
Deformities
Birth marks
Injuries leaving permanent result
Moles
Scars
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28
Importance of tattoo
It may helpin the identification of the person
It may indicate memorable events in his life
It may indicate the social stratum to which the person belongs
It implies previous commitment in prison membership in a gang
29
Methods of tattoo removal
Excision
Dermabrasion
Laser
Salabrasion
30
Invovles an injection of a local anesthetic to numb the area after which the tattoo is removed surgically. The edges are then brought together and sutured
Excision
31
A small portion pf tattoo is sprayed with a solution that freezes the area. The tattoo is then sanded with rotary abrasive instrument csusing the skin to peel. Because some bleeding is likely to occur, a dressing is immediately applied tonthe area
Dermabrasion
32
Considered as one of the best methods of tattoo removal
Laser
33
A cenuries old procedure using local anesthetic applied atoundbthe tattoo area after which a solution of ordinary tap water dipped in table salt applied and an abrading apparatus such as the one used in dermabrasion or even a simplier device is used such as a wooden block wrapped in gauze
Salabrasion
34
Regular form and location with stuch marks
Surgical operation scars
35
Scars are large irregular in shape and may be keloid
Burns and scalds
36
Disc like with depressed center. They may be adherent to the underlying tissue
Gunshot wound scars
37
Irregular in shape furrowed, with edges hardened and uneven
Tubercolous sinus
38
Depressed scar following loss of tissue
Gumma
39
Located at bend of elbow, dorsum of feet, or at the temporal region
Venesection
40
Bluish white scar
Lupus
41
Short parallel scars on the lower part of the back and loin
Wetcupping
42
A common practice of some tribes in africa is to place some marks on the exposed parts pf the body
Tribal marks
43
The presence of testes in the male and ovaries in the female
Sexual organs
44
Basis of bertillon’s method of identification
Human skeleton does not change after 20 years
It is impossible for two human beings to have bones alike
Measurement easily taken with the aid of simple instrument
45
Whence was Anthropometry first introduced
Paris France in 1882 by alphonse bertillon
46
Experiment have shown that the best known person cannot be recognized under the clearest moonlight at a distance of 16 to 17 yards and by starlight any further than 10 to 13 yards
Clearest moonlight or starlight
47
A person can hardly recognize another person at a distance further than 100 yards if the person has neber been seen before; but person who are almost stranger may be recognized at a distance pf 25 yards
Broad daylight
48
Produces sufficient light fron the identification of individual provided that the person’s eye is focused towards the individual he wishes to identify during the flash
Flash of lightning
49
The identification is relative to the kind and intensity of the light
In case of artificial light
50
The ovum is about 1.0 cm with limb buds only present
1st month of fetus
51
The ovum has a length of 2.5 cm with an embryo about 1.0 cm long with head, ears and hands well formed
2nd month of fetus
52
The length is 9.0 cm. With nail begining to appear and the placenta can be differentiated
3rd month of fetus
53
The length is 16.0 cm and the sex can be differentiated, with the fingers beginning to open and hair beginning to appear on the head
4th month of fetus
54
Fetus processes hair in the head and lanugo over the body body surfaces. Nails are distinct. Skin shows sebaceous secretion. Dental gum appears at the mandible
5th month of fetus
55
Fetus weigh 2.5 kg. Lanugo and vernix present in the skin are dark and wrinkled. Meconium is present in the small intestine and at the beginning of the large intestine. Brain show convolutions the testis is found in the abdominal cavity. Hair and eyebrow or eye-lashes begin to appear
6th month of fetus
56
The body is dark red and plump, with hair on the scalp, the testis begins to descend towards the scrotum
7th month of fetus
57
Fetus has rosy skin, and nails reach the ends of the finger-tips convolutions of the brain are more distinct second piece os sternum ossified papillary membrane disappears
8th month of fetus
58
Brain convolution reach the grey matter. The scrotum is occupied by the testis. The body surface is now pale. Sebaceous secretion is formed at the flexures of joints, nails fully formed and developed
9th month of fetus
59
Is the sum total of all vital processes by which the physical integrity of the body is maintained
Life
60
The state of complete persistent cessation of the vital function of the body such as function of the heart, the lings and the brain
Death
61
Kinds of death
Clinical or somatic death - type of death usually declared by the members of the immediate family of the diseased or the physician
Molecular or cellular death - type of death characterized by death pf individual cells (one at a time) after the somatic death the nerve cells and brain cells die earlier at about 5 minutes due to loss of food and oxygen while the muscles live longer until the onset pf the rigor mortis which about two or three hours after death
Apparent death - a trancient loss of consiousness of the temporary cessation of the vital function of the body on acount of disease , external stimulus other forms of influence
62
Signs of death
Cessation of respiration
Cooling of the body
Cessation of heart and circulation
Insensibility of the body and loss of power to
move
Changes in the eyes
Changes in skin
63
(Period of the muscle irritability) muscles are relaxed and capable pf contracting when stimulated; pupil are dilated incontinence of urination and defection lasts 3 - 6 hours
Primary flacidity
64
3 - 6 hours after death and may last 24 - 36 hours, body becomes rigid due to contraction of the muscles
Stage of post morten rigidity
65
Body is exposed to temperature above 77 degree ceslius, pugllistic attitude and more or less permanent
Heat stiffening
66
Due to solidification of fat when the body is exposed to freezing temperature
Cold stiffening
67
Rigidity of the miscles which occur at the moment of death due to nervous tension, exhaustion and injury to the nervous system
Cadaveric spasm or instantaneous rigor
68
Due to dissolution of the muscles, protein onset of putrefaction, the body becom limp again and the muscles are no longer capable of responding to mechanical or electrical stimulus. Notes about 48 hours of death
Stage of secondary flacidity or secondary relaxation
69
The stasis of the blood due to the cessation of the circulation enhances the coagulation of blood vessel. Blood cloting is accelerated incases of death by infectious fevers and delayed in cases of asphyxia, poisoning by opium, hydrocyanic acid or carbon monoxide poisoning
Coagullation of the blood
70
It is the discoloration of the body after death when the blood tends to pool on the blood vessels for the most dependent portion of the body. The blood remains fluid in the body after for 6 - 8 hours and gradually clot until its fully developed at about 12 hours, the appearance of post mortem lividity usually starts about 20 - 30 minutes after death, thus, it can also be means in approximating the time of death of the person. But is more useful in determining the position of the body after death
Post mortem lividity
71
Stages of lividity
Hypostatic lividity - it is the lividity when the dicoloration is due to the blood pooled in the most dependent areas of the body
Diffusion lividity - it is a fixed or permanent discoloration when the blood clotted, inside the blood vessels or has diffused to different parts of the body
72
It is the breaking down of the complex protein into simplier components assosiated with the evolution foul smelling gases and accompanied by the change of color of the body. Decomposition by bacteria; noted after 48 hours after death; firts appears as a greenish dicoloration, body swelling and reddish discoloration along the lines of superficial veins occur: called MARBLING
Putrefaction
73
Principal changes undergone by the soft tissue of the body during putrefaction
1. Changes in the color of the tissue
2. Evolution of gasses in the tissues
3. Liquification of the soft tissues
74
A fee hours after death, there is hemolysis of the blood in the blood vessel and as a result of which hemoglobin is liberated.
Changes in the color of the tissue
75
Carbon dioxide, ammonia, hydrogen, sulphurated hydrogen, phosphoretted hydrogen and methane gases are formed. The offensive oddors are due to this gases and also due to a small quantity of mercaptans.
Evolution of gases in the tissues
76
Effects of the pressure of the gases of putrefaction
Dicplacement of the blood
Bloating of the body
Fluid coming out of both nostrils and mouth
Extrusion of the fetus in a gravid uterus
Floating of the body
77
As decomposition progresses, the soft tissues of the body undergo softening and liquefication. The eyeball, brain, stomach, intestine, liver and spleen putrefy
Liquefication of the soft tissues
78
Factors affecting rate of putrefication
Internal factors
- age
- cause of death
- condition of the body
External factors
- air and moisture
- condition and type of the soil
- presence of water
- effect of clothing
- effect of coffin
- depth of burial
- mass grave
79
Special forms of putrefaction
Mummification
Saponification
Maceration
80
Classes of death
Natural death - due to desease or ailment
Violent death - due to injuries of outside force
81
Violent deaths
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Accident death - art 12 par 4
Negligent death
Infanticidal death - art 255
Parricidal death - art 247
Homicidal death - art 249
Murder - art 248
Suicidal death - art 253
Euthanasia (mercy killing)
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82
Pathological Classification of death
Death of syncope - Loss of consciousness, fall of blood pressure, cardiac standstill, cerebral metabolism, hyperventilation, cardiac desease, tussive syncope and hysterical syncope
Death of asphyxia - lack of oxygen in the air or from an obtructing mechanism to respiration
Death of comma - profound stupor in sick ess or after severe injury
83
Types of asphyxia
Anoxic death - assosiated with the faiulure of arterial blood to become normally saturated with oxygen
Anemic anoxic death - due to a deseased capacity of the blood to carry oxygen
Stagnant anoxic death - brought about by the failure of the circulation
Histotoxic anoxic death - due to the failure of the cellular oxidative process, although the oxygen is delivered to the tissues, it cannot be utilized properly
84
Types of mechanicsl asphyxia
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Strangulation (throttling)
Smothering or suffocation
Hanging
Chocking
Crushing or traumatic asphyxia
Drowning
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85
Death as punishment
Death by lethal injection
Death by electrocution (200-5000) voltage
Death by gas chamber
Death by hanging
Death by musketry
86
A comprehensive study of a dead body performed by trained physician using recognized dissection procedures snd techniques, primary to determine the true cause of death. Indicates that in addition to an external examination, the body is opened and internal examination is conducted
Autopsy
87
Refers to an external examination of a dead body witjout incision being made, although blood and other fluidsay be collected for examination
Post mortem examination
88
Kinds of autopsies
Hospital or non-official autopsy
Medico legal or official autopsy
Negative autopsy
Negligent autopsy
89
Methods of diposal of the dead body
Embalming
Burial
Funeral
Cremation
Disposal of the dead body to the sea
Use of dead body for scientific
purposes
90
It is the raising or disinterring of the dead body or remains from the grave
Exhumation (Disinterring)
91
Scientific impairment of the body structure or function caused by outside force or agent
Injury
92
An injury pf the body caused by physical agents which is the application of stimulus to the body producing damage or injury to the tissue
Physical injury
93
A break or or solution in the continuity of the skin or tissues of the body
Wound
94
A specific tissue response to the injury by the living or inanimate agents, ot to electrical or chemical etc, characterized by vascular dilatation, fluid exudation and accumulation of leukocytes in the tissues
Inflammation
95
Classification of wound or physical injury
A. As to severity
mortal wound
non mortal wound
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B. As to kind pf instrument used
blunt - lacerated
sharp-edged - incised
sharp-pointed - punctured
sharp-edged and pointed - stab
rough - abrasion
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C. As to the manner of infliction
D. As to the depth of wound
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E. As to the relation of the site of application of force and injury
Coup injury
Contre coup
Coup contre coup
Locus minoris resistencia
Extensive injury
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F. Medico legal classification
Mutilation
Slight physical injury ( 1-9 days)
Less serious physical injury (10-30 days)
Serious physical injury (more than 30 days)
Administration of injurious substance or
beverages
G. As to the type of wound
Closed wound
Open wound
96
Injury at the side of the application
Coup injury
97
Injury found opposite the side of application
Contre coup
98
Injury both at the side and opposite side of the application
Coup contre coup
99
Injury is found on same area offering the least resistance to the force applied
Locus minoris resistencia
100
Involves a greater area of damage
Extensive injury
101
Minute pinpoint circumscribed extravasation of blood in the subcutaneous tissues or underneath the mucous membrane
Petechiae
102
Wound in the substance of the true skin and the subcutaneous cellular tissuescharacterized by swelling and discoloration of the tissue due to extravasation of blood
Contusion (bruise)
103
Large extravation of blood in a newly formed cavity secondary to trauma characterized by swelling, dicoloration and effusion of blood underneath the tissue
Hematoma
104
The straining or tearing of the articular tendons, ligaments and muscles characterized by swelling and discoloration of the tissue involve and extreme pain
Sprain
105
It is a break or solution in the continuity of the bone tissues resulting from violence ( it can be either simple, compound or comminuted )
Fracture
106
Displacement of the articular surfaces of the bones forming the joints usually secondary to trauma (simple or compound)
Dislocation
107
Condition of the brain resulting from a sudden jarring or stunning of the brain which follows a blow on the head characterized by headache or dizziness, unconscious or semi unconscious, relax and flaccid muscle, slow and shallow respiration and rapid buy weak pulse
Cerebral concussion
108
It is the bleeding usually in the cavity or organes inside the body (intra-cranial, rupture of organs and laceration of organs)
Internal hemorrhage
109
A condition of the female who has not experienced sexual intercourse and whose genital organs have not been alterred by carnal correction
Virginity
110
Kinds of virginity
Moral virginity
Physical virginity
Demi-virginity
Virgo intacta
111
State of not knowing the nature of sexual life and not having experienced sexual relation
Moral virginity
112
A physical condition whereby a woman is conscious of the nature of the sexual life but not have experiences sexual intercourse. Applies to woman who have reached sexual maturity but not experienced sexual maturity
Physical virginity
113
A condition whereby a hymen is intact, with the edges distinct and regular, and the opening is small to barely admit the tip of the smallest finger of the examiner even if the thighs are separated
True physical virginity
114
A condition whereby a hymen is unruptured but the orifice is wide and elastic to admit two or more finger of the examiner with a lesser degree of resistance
False physical virginity
115
Applied to woman who have had previous physical act but not yet given birth
Virgo intacta
116
A condition of a woman who permits any form of sexual liberties as long as they abstain on rupturing the hymen by sexual act
Demi virginity
117
The laceration or rupture of the hymen as a result of sexual intercourse
Defloration
118
Sexual deviations
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Homosexuality (bading)
Infantosexuality (bata)
Bestosexuality (hayop)
Autosexuality (masturbate)
Gerontophilia (matanda)
Necrophilia (patay)
Incest (kadugo)
Satyriasis (libog sa lalake)
Nymphomania (libog sa babae)
Fellatio (chupa)
Cunnilingus (kain pepe)
Anilingus (kain pwet)
Sadism (gusto nananakit)
Masochism (gusto nasasaktan)
Fetishism (object)
Pygmalionism (statue)
Frottage (kiskisan)
Voyeourism (silip)
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119
a skin injury caused by scraping off of superficial skin due to friction against a rough surface.
Abrasion
120
a peculiar waxy substance consisting of salts and fatty acids and formed from the decomposition of corpse tissues, specially in moist habitats, also called grave-wax.
adipocere
121
the reproductive organ of a male insect.
aedeagus
122
impairment or loss associated with brain injury of the ability to recognized or comprehend the meaning of stimuli including familiar objects and and symbols.
agnosia
123
any part of the respiratory tract thought which air passes during breathing.
airways
124
the smallest of the lungs airways that connect terminal bronchioles and alveolar sacs, sometimes called bronchioles.
Alveolar ducts
125
microscopic air sacs in which gas exchange between the blood and the lungs occur.
alveoli
126
partial or total loss of memory for past experiences.
amnesia
127
loss of the ability to form words accurately caused by brain lesion or damage to peripheral nerves that carry impulses to the articulatory muscles.
anarthria
128
any condition in which the number of red blood cells, the amount of hemoglobin, and the volume of packed red blood cells per 100 ml of blood are less that normal.It may result from increased destruction of red blood cells, excessive blood loss or decreased production of red cells.
anemia
129
anemia caused by aplasia of bone marrow or its destruction by chemical agents or physical factors.
aplastic anemia
130
acquired disorder characterized by
| premature erythrocyte destruction owing to abnormalities in the individuals own immune system.
auto immune hemolytic
131
anemia caused by hemolysis of red blood cells
| resulting in reduction of normal red cell life span.
hemolytic
132
anemia resulting from a demand on
| stored iron greater than can be met.
iron deficiency anemia
133
anemia in which megaloblasts are found
in the blood, usually due to a deficiency of folic acid or vitamin
B12.
megaloblastic anemia
134
a hemolytic process associated
with thrombotic thrombotic purpura, prosthetic heart valve, and
burns. It is visualized in the peripheral blood smear by
fragmentation of the red cells and other bizarre morphology.
Microangiopathic hymolytic
135
a type of megaloblastic anemia due to a deficiency of
| vitamin B12, directly linked to absence of intrinsic factor.
pernicious
136
hereditary chronic anemia in which abnormal sickle or
crescent shaped erythrocytes are present.It is due to the
presence of hemoglobin S in the red blood cells.
sickle cell
137
a protein produced for body defense in response to an antigen.An antibody is a substance that appears in the plasma or body fluids as a result of stimulation by an antigen and will react specifically with that antigen in some observable way.
antibody
138
a substance such as EDTA that prevent coagulation or clotting of the blood.
anticoagulant
139
a foreign substance, usually a protein, capable of stimulating an antibody response for body defense.Any substance that when introduced parenterally into an individual lacking lacking the substance,stimulates the production of an antibody that when mixed with the antibody react with it in some observable way.
antigen
140
failure of an organ or tissue to develop normally.
aplasia
141
lack of oxygen or excess of carbon dioxide in the body.Asphyxia may lead to unconsciousness, seizures, damage to various sensory systems and death.
asphyxia
142
a chronic condition in which constriction (spasm) of the bronchial tubes occurs in response to irritation, allergy, or other stimuli.
asthma
143
deposition of plaques of cholesterol esters in blood vessels, resulting in the narrowing of the vessel lumen and restricting blood flow.
Atherosclerosis
144
a loss of function due to age, disuse, or disease.
athrophy
145
mental introversion in which thinking is governed by personal needs and the world is perceived in terms of wishes rather than reality.Extreme preoccupations with one's own thoughts and fantasies.
autism
146
a physical examination of the corpse through dissection to determine cause of death (also necropsy and postmortem).
autopsy
147
a small piece of tissue excised for the purpose of analysis.
biopsy
148
a circular or oval patterned injury consisting of two opposing symmetrical.U-shaped arches separated at their bases by open spaces.Following the periphery of the arches are a series of individual abrasions, contusions, or lacerations reflecting the size, shape, arrangement, and distribution of the class characteristics of the contacting surfaces of the human dentition.
bite mark
149
the transient phase in corpse decomposition that follows the fresh phase and is characterized by excessive swelling, produced by gases trapped internally.
bloat
150
an immunologically distinct, genetically determined class of human erythrocyte antigens, identified as A, B, AB, and O.A classification of red blood cell surface antigens, ABO is the best known of the blood group systems.
blood group
151
a way of saying which blood group antigens are present on the persons red cells.
blood type
152
infectious, disease causing microorganism that maybe found or transported in biological fluids.
bloodborne pathogen
153
liquid blood that has dried once it has come in contact with a surface.
bloodstain
154
a heavy waterproof bag usually closed with a zipper and used to transport a corpse.
body bag
155
the location where an offender disposes of the murder victim's body.
body dump site
156
the combining of sadism and masochism.
bondage
157
(singular-bronchus) large divisions of the trachea that convey air to and from the lungs.
bronchi
158
a small diameter airway branching from a bronchus.
bronchiole
159
inflammation of the mucus membrane of the bronchial tubes, usually associated with a persistent cough and sputum production.
bronchitis
160
contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi causing the narrowing of the bronchi.This narrowing increases the resistance or airflow into the lungs and may cause a shortness of breath typically associated with wheezing.
bronchospasm
161
(coitus per os or sin of Gomorrah) the male organ is introduced into mouth, usually of a young child.
buccal coitus
162
canines specially trained to find human decomposition scent and and alert their handlers to its location.
cadaver dog
163
malodorous chemical compound produced during decomposition.
cadaverine
164
n injury or disease that ultimately lead to death of the individual, generally determined by medical examiner or coroner (pathologists).
cause of death
165
decaying animal flesh.
carrion
166
the anterior body region in some arthropods consisting of the fused head and thorax.
cephalothorax
167
the large brain mass located at the posterior base of the brain, responsible for balance and coordination of movement.
cerebellum
168
bruising of brain tissue marked by swelling and hemorrhage and resulting in loss of consciousness.
cerebral contusion
169
swelling of the brain caused by excessive buildup of fluid in the tissue.
cerebral adema
170
is an ischemic stroke resulting from a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain.
cerebral infarctions
171
the largest portion of the brain, include the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex and basal ganglia)
Cerebrum
172
persistent, prolonged, repeated.
chronic
173
a chronic disease of the liver marked by degeneration of cells, inflammation, and fibrous thickening of the tissue, can be cause =d by long term alcoholism, viral infections, and metabolic disease.
cirrhosis
174
erectile tissue in female analogous to male penis, located above the urethra and covered by the clitoral hood.
clitoris
175
a thick mass of coagulated liquid, ex. blood.A blood clot is formed by a complex mechanism involving plasma protein, fibrinogens, platelets, and other clotting factors.
clot
176
the process of stopping blood flow from a wound or by which blood forms clot.
coagulation
177
a disease affecting the blood clotting process.
coagulopathy
178
is the oldest known medico legal code.
code of hammurabi
179
state of profound unconsciousness from which the patient can not be aroused.
comma
180
sudden shock to or jarring of the brain which may or may not cause a loss of consciousness.
concussion
181
the delicate mucous membrane that covers the exposed surface of the eyeball and lines of the eyelids.
conjunctiva
182
a wound that results when a small weapon is fired in contact with the skin.May divided into tight or loose contact wounds based on the amount of pressure used against the skin.
contact wound
183
a bruise that is either superficial or internal.An injury cause by blunt object impact without laceration with surface discoloration due to subsurface hemorrhaging.An injury to subsurface tissue caused by a blow from a blunt instrument that does not break the skin.
contusion
184
is a medical condition where the body muscle contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in an uncontrolled shaking of the body.
convulsion
185
the transparent membrane that cover the colored part of the eye.
cornea
186
an artery supplying blood to the heart.
coronary artery
187
(medical examiner) (pathologists) an officer responsible for determining the manner and cause of death.
coroner
188
a dead human body, also called cadaver.
corpse
189
is the oral stimulation of the female genitalia.
cunnilingus
190
the loss of life characterized by clinically by combined failure of respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous system activity.
death
191
post mortem degenerative rotting of the corpse.Chemical breakdown, separating compounds into their component parts, includes breakdown pf proteins by putrefaction, of carbohydrates by fermentation, and of fats by rancidification.
decomposition
192
may be seen as a bedsore that can produce an ulcer in the body caused by lying long in one position, this pressure necrosis can be found on elderly patients.
decubitus
193
stab or incised wounds to the hands, wrists, forearms, and arms that may contain embedded fragments of the weapon.
defense wounds
194
extreme mental excitement marked by defective perception, impaired memory, and rapid succession of confused and unconnected ideas, often with illusions and hallucinations.
delirium
195
firm belief opposed to reality but maintained in spite of srong evidence to the contrary.
delusion
196
are microscopic, unicellular, silica coated algae.Presence of diatoms in tissue is a sign of ante-Morten drowning.Diatoms are examined by acid digestion technique.
diatoms
197
an irresistible desire for alcoholic drinks at periodic intervals.
dipsomania
198
an accused person is nor criminally responsible if his unlawful act is the product of mental disease or mental defect.
durham rule
199
s the medical term for a subcutaneous purpura larger than 1 centimeter or a hematoma, commonly called a bruise.
ecchymosis
200
an acute disorder of pregnant and puerperal women, associated with convulsions and coma.
eclampsia
201
obstruction of a blood vessel by foreign substances or by a blood clot.
embolism
202
a disease that occurs continuously in a particular population but has a low mortality rate such as measles.
endemic
203
inflammation of the lining membrane of the heart.Maybe due to invasion of microorganisms or an abnormal immunologic reaction.
endocarditis
204
bleeding in the space between the dura matter and skull or wall of the vertebral canal around the spinal cord.
epidurral hemorrhage
205
hemorrhage from the nose, nosebleed.
epistaxis
206
ed blood cells.A type of blood cell that contain a nucleus in all vertebrates but man and that has hemoglobin in the cytoplasm.
erythrocytes
207
intense, widespread reddening of the skin.
erythroderma
208
the portion of the digestive canal extending from the throat to the stomach, also referred to as gullet.
esophagus
209
male prostitutes.
eunuch
210
(mercy killing) it means producing painless death of a person suffering from hopelessly incurable and painful disease.
euthanasia
211
a skeleton on the outside of the body whose inner walls serves as a point for the attachment of muscles.
exoskeleton
212
animal solid waste material discharged from the rectum through the anus.End product of digestion after absorption of nutrients and re-absorption of water.
feces
213
is the oral stimulation or manipulation of the penis either by the female or male.
felatio
214
sexual satisfaction by contact with articles of opposite sex.
fetichism
215
s the application of medical knowledge in the administration of law and justice.
forensic medicine
216
the study of post-mortem processes affecting human remains for the purposes of interpreting forensic data.
forensic taphonomy
217
an Italian physician who in 1602 published the first book on forensic medicine.
fortunato fedele
218
is the inability to start or to maintain the sexual arousal pattern in the female
frigidity
219
contact with other persons to obtain sexual gratification.
frotteurism
220
death of tissue due to lack of blood supply.
gangrene
221
inflammation of the stomach, characterized by epigastric pain or tenderness, nausea, vomiting, and systemic electrolyte changes if vomiting persists.
gastritis
222
a disease of the eye characterized by abnormal and damaging high pressure in the eye, usually due to a blockage of the channel that normally allows the outflow of fluid from the eye.
glaucoma
223
branch of biology that deals with blood and blood forming organs.
hematology
224
accumulation of blood in the tissue due to internal hemorrhaging.A tumor of blood caused by leakage from damage blood vessels, it contains enough blood to form a blood-filled space.
hematoma
225
destruction or dissolution of red blood cells in such a manner that hemoglobin is liberated into the medium in which the cells are suspended.
hemolysis
226
Any anemia resulting from destruction of red blood cells.
hemolytic anemia
227
A hereditary blood disease characterized by impaired coagulability of the blood and a strong tendency to bleed.
hemophilia
228
Coughing and spitting of blood as a result of bleeding from any part of the respiratory tract.
hemoptysis
229
escape of whole blood from a blood vessel. Abnormal internal or external bleeding. May be venous, arterial, or capillary from blood vessels into the tissues, or into or from the body.
hemorrhage
230
Rupture of tissue into an adjacent space due to internal pressure or swelling.
herniation
231
castrated eunuchs.
hijrahs
232
means persistent emotional and physical attraction to members of same sex.
homosexuality
233
Thin membrane, in females, that separates the external genitalia from the vagina. The outer surface is a dry, squamous epithelium, and the inner surface is a moist mucous membrane.
hymen
234
Having a body temperature below normal.
hypothermia
235
Diminished blood volume.
hypovolemia
236
Condition in which below-normal levels of oxygen are present in the air, blood, or body tissues, short of anoxia.
hypoxia
237
Highly contagious, rapidly spreading skin disorder caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus and characterized by red blisters. Impetigo sometimes occurs as a result of poor hygiene.
impretigo
238
Reproduction between related individuals.
inbreeding
239
Injury produced by a sharp instrument and characterized by lack of surface abrasion and absence of bridging vessels, nerves, and smooth margins.
incised wounds
240
A wound produced by a sharp-edged instrument or object.
incision
241
Obstruction of blood flow (usually by arterial narrowing) that causes lack of oxygen and other bloodborne nutrients.
ischemia
242
Death of cells as a result of decreased blood flow to affected tissues.
ischemia necrosis
243
Any species of animal lacking a back bone.
invertebrate
244
is the inability of a person to perform sexual intercourse.
impotence
245
yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes due to an accumulation of bile pigments (e.g., bilirubin) in the circulating blood. Another cause is liver damage caused by hepatitis.
jaundice
246
an irresistible desire to steal articles of little value.
kleptomania
247
Outer lips to the vagina that are covered by pubic hair after menarche (onset of menstruation).
labia majora
248
A wound produced by a tear in the skin due to application of blunt force in crushing or shearing.
laceration
249
A coloration of the skin of the lower parts of a corpse caused by the settling of the red blood cells as the blood ceases to circulate.
livor mortis
250
A general class of white blood cells that are important components of the immune system of vertebrate animals.
lymphocyte
251
The larva of a higher fly. It sheds its skin twice and has three growth instars prior to pupariation. A legless larva without a well-developed head capsule.
maggot
252
A mouth organ of invertebrates (especially in the arthropods and insects) used for seizing, biting, and manipulating food. With vertebrate organisms, it is recognized as the lower jaw.
mandible
253
A typology of deaths according to whether they are due to homicide, suicide, accident, or natural causes. Death occurs in one of four manners: natural, if caused solely by disease; accidental, if it occurs without apparent intent; suicidal, if caused by the deceased; and homicidal, if someone other than the deceased caused it.
manner of death
254
(shamming) means conscious, planned feigning or pretending a disease for the
mallingering
255
opposite of sadism, derived from the name of Leopold Von Sacher-Masoch, an Austrian novelist, being whipped by his wife used to be a stimulant for his literary work.
masochism
256
deals with the legal rights, privileges, duties and obligations of medical practitioner.
medical jurisprudence
257
Brain infection involving an acute inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, characterized by drowsiness, confusion, irritability, and sensory impairments.
meningitis
258
Any arthropod in the order Acari. These are very small to minute animals having four pairs of legs in the adult stage, but only three pairs in the larva. All mites have chelicerated mouth parts and lack mandibles.
mite
259
The drying, shrinking, and hardening of dead flesh due to extreme dehydration.
mummification
260
an irresistible desire to mutilate animals.
mutilomania
261
The invasion of any living vertebrate animal, including people, by fly larvae, especially maggots. The description may be further refined to indicate location affected (e.g., nasal myiasis, rectal myiasis) or the predisposing cause (e.g., traumatic myiasis in a suppurating wound). Myiasis may be classified as either primary or secondary (facultative).
myiasis
262
Insufficient oxygen supplies to meet the metabolic demands of heart muscles.
myochardial ischemia
263
Inflammation of the muscles of the heart.
myocarditis
264
Involuntary spasm or twitching of a muscle or group of muscles.
myoclonus
265
The oxygen-transporting, pigmented protein of muscle resembles blood hemoglobin in function.
myoglobin
266
Cutting of muscle; in forensic odontology, cutting facial muscles to release postmortem rigor mortis.
myotomy
267
necros - corpse, phagia - to eat.
necrophagia
268
sexual intercourse with dead body.
necrophilia
269
Having a dietary fondness for dead flesh.
necrophilous
270
Death of one or more cells or a portion of a tissue or organ.
necrosis
271
A new and abnormal formation of tissue such as a tumor or growth.
neoplasm
272
A disorder of the nervous system; in contemporary usage, a disease involving the cranial or spinal nerves.
neuropathy
273
the patient suffer from emotional or intellectual disorder but does not loss touch with reality.
neuroses
274
deterioration in joint integrity connected with use-wear exacerbated by inflammation and related to reduction in bone density.
osteoarthritis
275
Inflammation of the bone especially the marrow caused by a pathogenic organism.
osteomyelitis
276
Increased porosity of the bone, seen most often in the elderly.
Osteoporosis
277
(pedophile) is an adult who repeatedly engages in sexual activities with children below the age of puberty.
paedophile
278
abnormal and unorthodox sex play using unusual objects or parts of the body.
paraphilias
279
At or near the time of death.
perimortem
280
Pinhead-sized (red) dots which are minute hemorrhages found inside the eyelids and the facial skin; considered by pathologists to be a sign of strangulation.
petechiae
281
it is an excessive or irrational fear of a particular object or situation.
phobia
282
The liquid portion of whole blood containing water, electrolytes, glucose, fats, proteins, and gases. Contains all the clotting factors necessary for coagulation but in an inactive form. Once coagulation occurs, the fluid is converted to serum.
plasma
283
Inflammation of the lungs.
pneumonitis
284
After death, occurring after death, or pertaining to a postmortem examination, an autopsy.
postmortem
285
artifact Alteration to the body that occurs after death that is not related to antemortem injury.
postmortem
286
The period of time between death and corpse discovery.
postmortem interval
287
painful penile erection in absence of sexual desire.
priapism
288
A phenomenon whereby a mentally ill individual feigns the mental illness he or she actually has. The behavior is considered a temporary ego-supportive device that allows the individual to feel he or she has control over the illness.
pseudo mallingering
289
An attempt to determine the mode of death (whether an accident, suicide, homicide, or natural causes) by an examination of what was known about the deceased.
psychological autopsy
290
a person who is neither insane nor mentally defective but fails to conform to normal standards of behavior.
psychopath
291
they are characterized by withdrawal from reality, living in a world of fantasy.
psychoses
292
Accumulation of extra vascular fluid in the lungs that impairs gas exchange; usually due to either increased intravascular pressure or increased permeability of the pulmonary capillaries.
pulmonary edema
293
The foul-smelling, anaerobic decomposition of moist or wet organic matter by microorganisms. The breakdown of tissues, particularly proteins, due to enzyme action.
putrefaction
294
sexual stimulation while seeing flames or destruction of buildings.
pyromania
295
The stiffness of the body after death that helps in reconstructing the time at which death occurred. The progressive rigidity of a corpse following death, caused by an accumulation of lactic acid in dying muscle tissues. This is a temporary condition lasting 12 to 36 h.
rigor mortis
296
exual gratification is obtained or increased from acts of physical cruelty or causing of pain upon one's partner.The term is derived from the name of a French nobleman Marquis de Sade, infamous for his crimes and writings.Many of his stories were about sexuality, cruelty, and torture.
sadism
297
he conversion of corpse body fat into a curdlike foul-smelling product called adipocere
saponification
298
Feeding on dead or decaying plant or animal material, such as carrion, corpses, dung, or rotting wood.
Saprophagous
299
incessant sexual desire.
satyriasis
300
A lateral curvature of the spine.
scoliosis
301
A deficiency disease characterized by hemorrhagic manifestations and abnormal formation of bones and teeth.
scurvy
302
Pathologic state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their poisonous products in the bloodstream.
sepsis
303
Bacteria in the blood system with signs and symptoms of disease.
septicemia
304
it is the obtaining of sexual pleasure from the application of the mouth to the sexual organs.
sexual oralism
305
is anal intercourse between two males or between a male and female.It is also called buggery.It is also called gerontophilia when the active agent is an adult and paederasty, wen the passive agent is a young boy who is known as catamite.
sodomy
306
Rapid heartbeat (typically greater than 100 beats per minute).
tachycardia
307
Rapid breathing.
tachypnea
308
A characteristic pattern in the skin caused by particles of
| unburned and partially burned powder from a shotgun blast at very close range.Also may be called stippling.
tatooing
309
Condition marked by involuntary muscle contractions or spasms.
tetany
310
An injury that is the result of any force such as blunt, sharp, or penetrating.
trauma
311
rans - opposite, vesta - clothing of eonism.The term is derived from the name of Chevelier d'Eon Beamont, a Frenchman.It is usually found in the males who derived sexual pleasure by wearing female dress.
transvestism
312
female homosexuality.Sexual gratification of a woman is obtained by another woman by simple lip kissing,generalized body contact, deep kissing, manual manipulation of breast and genitalia, genital apposition, friction of external genital organs, etc.In some case, artificial penis or phallus may be used.
tribadism
313
is manual strangulation.
throttling
314
sexual pleasure by witnessing the act of urination.
udinism
315
Increased diameter of the blood vessels.
vasodilation
316
(scoptophilia) peeping tom, sexual enjoyment by watching.
voyeurosim
317
Breathing noisily and with difficulty; usually a sign of spasm or narrowing of the airways.
wheezing
318
eunuch with intact genitalia.
zenana
