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Evolution > Quest 6 > Flashcards

Quest 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Intrasexual competition

A

Male-Male competition, fight among themselves to control a group of females or resources that females use

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2
Q

Intersexual Competition

A

females choose between males that advertise features

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3
Q

amplexus

A

males and females are connected during sex with the male behind to protect female

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4
Q

Handicap principle

A

costly behaviors that make reliable signals

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5
Q

runaway selection hypothesis

A

linkage disequilibrium between a trait gene in males and a preference gene in females

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6
Q

Different ways in which genetic material is exchanged

A

transduction, conjugation, transformation

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7
Q

automixis

A

gamete formation through self-fertilization

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8
Q

apomixis

A

asexual reproduction without fertilization

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9
Q

amphimixis

A

reproduction where there is fusion between two gametes to form a zygote

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10
Q

methods of determining sexual vs asexual reproduction

A

natural history (males), genomic structures (chromosome squash), phylogenetics (testing DNA and nuclear DNA)

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11
Q

red queen hypothesis

A

species must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive over opposing species, also hypothesis for evolution of sexual reproduction

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12
Q

cyclical parthenogenesis

A

safeguards against environmental change by having a backup plan for stress

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13
Q

anisogamy

A

fusion of two gametes (males are a waste)

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14
Q

isogamy

A

one type of gamete, no cost of males

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15
Q

environmental unpredictability

A

sexual reproduction generates genetic variation and allows lineages to adapt faster than asexual reproduction

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16
Q

Muller’s ratchet

A

buildup of deleterious mutations

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17
Q

asexual reproduction

A

offspring from unfertilized gametes

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18
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal aside from sex organ

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19
Q

parasite load

A

sexual reproduction will increase in frequency relative to asexual reproduction when parasitism is high

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20
Q

Infanticide

A

intentional killing of the young often for enhancing male success but females can kill too

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21
Q

Sexy sons hypothesis

A

female choses mate based on whether or not she thinks her offspring will carry that trait forword

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22
Q

cuckoldry

A

males compete with other males for access to mating opportunities, sneaker bluegill fish

23
Q

Sensory bias model

A

females initially prefer a certain male trait but not because of a mating benefit

24
Q

Traumatic insemination

A

mating practice where male pierces the female’s abdomen with his penis and injects his sperm through the wound into her abdominal cavity

25
Q

siblicide

A

killing of young done by siblings or half siblings

26
Q

parental investment

A

energy and time expended on offspring

27
Q

direct benefits hypothesis

A

selection favors females who have a genetic predisposition to choose males that provide them with resources beyond sperm which increases fecundity

28
Q

cooperation

A

two or more individuals receive a benefit from joint actions

29
Q

cooperator

A

pays an immediate consequence for actions but overall fitness is increased if corporation is achieved

30
Q

direct fitness

A

viable offspring

31
Q

indirect fitness

A

effect of your behavior on the fitness of your genetic relatives

32
Q

inclusive fitness

A

sum of direct and indirect fitness

33
Q

The altruism problem

A

why would natural selection favor an individual who does things that reduces its own fitness while increasing the fitness of others

34
Q

Free rider problem

A

why would groups of individuals invest energy and time in activities that benefit the entire group when they could just “free ride” off of others

35
Q

kinship

A

“blood thicker than water”, share common genes inherited from common ancestors. if you yourself cant increase your own fitness then at least some of your genes can get passed down through your relatives

36
Q

reciprocity

A

if one individual pays a cost to help another individual, the cost is recovered later on when the other individual repays the cost.

37
Q

Hamiltons rule

A

rb > c, where r is coefficient of relatedness b is benefit and c is cost

38
Q

the cost of sex

A

cost of anisogamy, allowing for there to be more males and it can break up favorable gene combinations

39
Q

Fisher-Muller Hypothesis

A

sexual reproduction will accelerate the speed at which evolution operates due to recombination

40
Q

sperm competition

A

sexual selection acts on traits that affect the sperm’s ability to reach and fertilize an egg

41
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

A

they can cooperate with their partner for mutual benefit or betray their partner for individual reward

42
Q

familial conflict

A

sexual conflict between parents, parent-offspring conflict, sib-sib conflict

43
Q

costs of sex

A

-searching and courting potential mate
- less time in watching for predators
-disease

44
Q

benefits to sexual reproduction

A

-purge deleterious mutations
-genetic variation
- improve selection chances.

45
Q

intersexual competition

A

competition between the two sexes

46
Q

intrasexual competition

A

males compete with males

47
Q

reasons for intersexual competition

A

for the females to choose a mate

48
Q

reasons for intrasexual competition

A

for access to member of the other sex

49
Q

modes of sperm competition

A

-mate guarding
-blocking females genital opening
-removing other males sperm

50
Q

types of fitness

A

direct, indirect, inclusive

51
Q

Eusociality

A

-social system with reproductive division of labor and overlapping generations
-evolved because it benefits many generations
-comes about via haplodiploid genetics

52
Q

sexual conflict

A

conflict between male and female reproductive partners

53
Q

parent-offspring conflict

A

conflict between how much energy offspring receives from parent

54
Q

sib-sib conflict

A

which sibling receives the most resources from the parents

Evolution (9 decks)

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