Quest 6 Flashcards
Intrasexual competition
Male-Male competition, fight among themselves to control a group of females or resources that females use
Intersexual Competition
females choose between males that advertise features
amplexus
males and females are connected during sex with the male behind to protect female
Handicap principle
costly behaviors that make reliable signals
runaway selection hypothesis
linkage disequilibrium between a trait gene in males and a preference gene in females
Different ways in which genetic material is exchanged
transduction, conjugation, transformation
automixis
gamete formation through self-fertilization
apomixis
asexual reproduction without fertilization
amphimixis
reproduction where there is fusion between two gametes to form a zygote
methods of determining sexual vs asexual reproduction
natural history (males), genomic structures (chromosome squash), phylogenetics (testing DNA and nuclear DNA)
red queen hypothesis
species must constantly adapt, evolve, and proliferate in order to survive over opposing species, also hypothesis for evolution of sexual reproduction
cyclical parthenogenesis
safeguards against environmental change by having a backup plan for stress
anisogamy
fusion of two gametes (males are a waste)
isogamy
one type of gamete, no cost of males
environmental unpredictability
sexual reproduction generates genetic variation and allows lineages to adapt faster than asexual reproduction
Muller’s ratchet
buildup of deleterious mutations
asexual reproduction
offspring from unfertilized gametes
sexual dimorphism
distinct difference in size or appearance between the sexes of an animal aside from sex organ
parasite load
sexual reproduction will increase in frequency relative to asexual reproduction when parasitism is high
Infanticide
intentional killing of the young often for enhancing male success but females can kill too
Sexy sons hypothesis
female choses mate based on whether or not she thinks her offspring will carry that trait forword
cuckoldry
males compete with other males for access to mating opportunities, sneaker bluegill fish
Sensory bias model
females initially prefer a certain male trait but not because of a mating benefit
Traumatic insemination
mating practice where male pierces the female’s abdomen with his penis and injects his sperm through the wound into her abdominal cavity
siblicide
killing of young done by siblings or half siblings
parental investment
energy and time expended on offspring
direct benefits hypothesis
selection favors females who have a genetic predisposition to choose males that provide them with resources beyond sperm which increases fecundity
cooperation
two or more individuals receive a benefit from joint actions
cooperator
pays an immediate consequence for actions but overall fitness is increased if corporation is achieved
direct fitness
viable offspring
indirect fitness
effect of your behavior on the fitness of your genetic relatives
inclusive fitness
sum of direct and indirect fitness
The altruism problem
why would natural selection favor an individual who does things that reduces its own fitness while increasing the fitness of others
Free rider problem
why would groups of individuals invest energy and time in activities that benefit the entire group when they could just “free ride” off of others
kinship
“blood thicker than water”, share common genes inherited from common ancestors. if you yourself cant increase your own fitness then at least some of your genes can get passed down through your relatives
reciprocity
if one individual pays a cost to help another individual, the cost is recovered later on when the other individual repays the cost.
Hamiltons rule
rb > c, where r is coefficient of relatedness b is benefit and c is cost
the cost of sex
cost of anisogamy, allowing for there to be more males and it can break up favorable gene combinations
Fisher-Muller Hypothesis
sexual reproduction will accelerate the speed at which evolution operates due to recombination
sperm competition
sexual selection acts on traits that affect the sperm’s ability to reach and fertilize an egg
Prisoner’s dilemma
they can cooperate with their partner for mutual benefit or betray their partner for individual reward
familial conflict
sexual conflict between parents, parent-offspring conflict, sib-sib conflict
costs of sex
-searching and courting potential mate
- less time in watching for predators
-disease
benefits to sexual reproduction
-purge deleterious mutations
-genetic variation
- improve selection chances.
intersexual competition
competition between the two sexes
intrasexual competition
males compete with males
reasons for intersexual competition
for the females to choose a mate
reasons for intrasexual competition
for access to member of the other sex
modes of sperm competition
-mate guarding
-blocking females genital opening
-removing other males sperm
types of fitness
direct, indirect, inclusive
Eusociality
-social system with reproductive division of labor and overlapping generations
-evolved because it benefits many generations
-comes about via haplodiploid genetics
sexual conflict
conflict between male and female reproductive partners
parent-offspring conflict
conflict between how much energy offspring receives from parent
sib-sib conflict
which sibling receives the most resources from the parents
