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Evolution > Quest 2 > Flashcards

Quest 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylogenetic systemics

A

classifying organisms based on evolutionary histories

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2
Q

phylogeny

A

branching relationships of populations as they give rise to descendants, allows us to reconstruct the tree of life

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3
Q

phylogram

A

trees with varying branch length

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4
Q

cladogram

A

trees with the same branch length

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5
Q

chronogram

A

tree where branch length represents actual time, not evolutionary change

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6
Q

polytomy

A

node with more than two branches arising from it

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7
Q

node

A

branch point where tree splits, represents common ancestors of the branching speces

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8
Q

branch

A

desendents

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9
Q

root

A

common ancestor to the whole tree, link to the rest of life

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10
Q

traits

A

specific values of a character

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11
Q

2 characters of a trait

A
  1. infer patterns of ancestry and descent
  2. can be mapped to infer evolutionary events
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12
Q

homologous trait

A

trait in two or more species that comes from a common ancestor

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13
Q

homoplasy

A

trait similar in two or more species even thought they do not share a common ancestor

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14
Q

analogous trait

A

trait in two or more species that evolved independently and do not share a common ancestor

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15
Q

homology vs analogy

A

homology is from a common ancestor, analogy is due to convergent evolution

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16
Q

divergent evolution

A

closely related populations diverge from one another due to different effects of natural selection

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17
Q

convergent evolution

A

where two or more populations become more similar to each other because they are exposed to similar selective conditions

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18
Q

characters

A

observable characteristics in an organism: anatomical, genetic, behavioral, deevelopmental

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19
Q

monophyletic group

A

taxonomic group including all descendants of the common ancestor and no other members

20
Q

paraphyletic group

A

contains most common ancestor but not all descendents

21
Q

polyphyletic group

A

an artificial clade, all descendants not from common ancestor

22
Q

outgroup

A

group with no known evolutionary relationship to the focus taxon

23
Q

DNA data

A

makes up and can reconstruct molecular phylogenies

24
Q

long branch attraction

A

parsimony incorrectly inferring a too close relationship between branches

25
Q

sister taxa

A

taxa derived from the same node

26
Q

synapomorphy

A

shared derived trait

27
Q

clade

A

group of species that share a single recent common ancestor

28
Q

Carolous Linnaeus

A

worked with binomial nomenclature, put things together based on resemblance. named the most species

29
Q

willi henning

A

phylogenetic systemics, groups based on evolutionary history

30
Q

phytogeography

A

how a group or species moved across the globe over the course of evolutionary history

31
Q

methods to create phylogenetic tree

A
  1. parsimony
  2. distance
  3. maximum likelihood
  4. Bayesian inference
32
Q

parsimony method

A

trees that minimize the number of evolutionary changes

33
Q

distance method

A

measure the distance of genetic distances to construct the tree

34
Q

maximum likelihood method

A

how traits change through evolutionary processes by applying statistics

35
Q

bayesian analysis method

A

like maximum likelihood with different interpretation of what is best explained

36
Q

bootstrap resampling

A

continuously rerun data to verify information is correct

37
Q

microevolutionary processes

A

migration and dispersal

38
Q

macroevolutionary processes

A

radiations and speciation

39
Q

heuristic search

A

explore possible solutions before deciding on one

40
Q

transition

A

where a purine is replaced by another purine

41
Q

transversion

A

when a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine or vice versa

42
Q

polarity

A

whether a character trait is primitive or derived, the direction of evolutionary change

43
Q

sequence alignment

A

arranging DNA sequences to find similarities due to evolutionary relatedness

44
Q

tree score (parsimony score)

A

number of character changes on a tree

45
Q

ingroup

A

group of organisms included in the cladogram

46
Q

vestigial organs

A

organs in an organism that no longer function how they did in the ancestral form

Evolution (9 decks)

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