Quest 5

Question 1

Evolutionary Species Concept

Answer 1

defined species when lineage of populations that maintains its identity from other lineages and have its own evolutionary tendencies and history

Question 2

Biological Species Concept

Answer 2

considered a species when groups can interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other such groups, gene flow determines boundaries

Question 3

Ecological Species Concept

Answer 3

Different Species when two populations occupy two distinct niches

Question 4

Phylogenetic Species Concept

Answer 4

Different species when shared derived characters that are unique to one monophyletic group and absent from all other populations in the phylogeny

Question 5

Phenetic Species Concept

Answer 5

considered a species if they look phenotypically similar and look different from other sets of organisms

Question 6

Genealogical Species Concept

Answer 6

a distinct species when a group of organisms are all more closely related to each other than they are to any organisms outside the group

Question 7

Cryptic Species

Answer 7

two or more taxa that have a single name because they are morphologically indistinguishable

Question 8

Allopatric speciation

Answer 8

speciation occurring in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

Question 9

Parapatric speciation

Answer 9

HYBRID ZONE diverging populations have distributions that overlap one another

Question 10

Sympatric speciation

Answer 10

populations diverge into new species while in the same location

Question 11

Parapatric models

Answer 11

• hybrids are inferior to non-hybrids
  -hybrids are superior

Question 12

Ring species

Answer 12

species are located at one end and as they travel along each side they evolve so when they meet back up they are so different that there is almost no gene flow

Question 13

Reproductive character displacement

Answer 13

reproductive trait is less similar when two incipient species overlap than when two species do not overlap

Question 14

Variance model

Answer 14

allopatric speciation, initially large population subdivided into new populations that are themselves still relatively large

Question 15

Peripheral Isolate model

Answer 15

allopatric speciation, populations that are geographically isolated from one another differ in size, with one large population and one or several smaller populations

Question 16

secondary reinforcement

Answer 16

reproductive isolation partly evolves allopatrically and is then reinforced when the two populations come into secondary contact

Question 17

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

Answer 17

Never going to mate with each other

Question 18

postzygote isolating mechanisms

Answer 18

mate but end up dying, are sterile, or inviable

Question 19

Reproductive isolation

Answer 19

inability of a species to breed successfully due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or difference

Question 20

Chromosomal fusion

Answer 20

joining of chromosomes or parts of chromosomes

Question 21

Chromosomal fission

Answer 21

splitting of chromosomes

Question 22

Chromosomal inversion

Answer 22

segment breaks off and reattaches within the same chromosome, but in reverse orientation.

Question 23

Chromosomal translocation

Answer 23

genome abnormality in which a chromosome breaks and reattaches to a different chromosome

Question 24

Hybrid Inviability

Answer 24

hybrids carrying derived alleles have less reproductive success than those carrying no derived or only one derived allele.

Question 25

haldane's rule

Answer 25

if among hybrid offspring: one sex is absent, sterile and that is the heterogametic one (in human case males)

Question 26

Pleistocene Megafauna extinction

Answer 26

extinction of large genera of mammals due to either climate change or human killing

Question 27

extinction

Answer 27

all individuals of a certain species have died out with no living descendants

Question 28

methods of fossil formations

Answer 28

-compression -casts and molds -permineralized -unaltered remains

Question 29

compression

Answer 29

material is buried in water or wind borne sediment prior to decomposition and leave an impression due to weight deposited above

Question 30

casts and molds

Answer 30

when material decays after burial in sediment a mold is left of the organisms shape, preserves internal and external structures

Question 31

permineralized

Answer 31

structures buried in sediment and minerals infiltrate the material and harden, preserves fine details

Question 32

unaltered remains

Answer 32

whole organisms trapped in environment that discourages desiccation and weathering

Question 33

important info we get from the fossil record

Answer 33

provides information on preexisting life but also has geographic, taxonomic, and temporal bias

Question 34

geographic bias

Answer 34

-tend to be produced in lowland and marine environments -marine organisms dominate the fossil record and only make up 10% of extant species

Question 35

taxonomic bias

Answer 35

-species that lack body structures that can be preserved are lacking in fossil record

Question 36

temporal bias

Answer 36

fossils are lost when the geological structures they exist in disappear

Question 37

Ediacaran fauna

Answer 37

found in Ediacaran Hills, oldest fossil recorded, beginning of Cambrian explosion

Question 38

Ediacaran fossils:

Answer 38

-small size -lacks hard parts -simple body plans -asymmetrical or radial symmetry

Question 39

Burgess Shale

Answer 39

fossil bearing deposit in Canada, many Cambrian fossils

Question 40

Chenjiang biota from Yunnan Province

Answer 40

vast representation of cambrian fossils

Question 41

Law of superposition

Answer 41

fossils found lower down in the sediment at a particular locality are older than those found closer to the surface

Question 42

chemical dating

Answer 42

provides information on the relative age of a fossil due to the fluorine buildup

Question 43

radiocarbon dating

Answer 43

carbon 14 decays at a constant rate, half of the C14 will decay into N14

Question 44

paleomagnetic dating

Answer 44

estimates the age of a fossil by measurement in the change of the earths magnetic field

Question 45

Signor-Lipps effect

Answer 45

backward smearing, time lag between last fossil found and actual extinction date

Question 46

Background extinction

Answer 46

-extinction caused by predation, climate change, disease, or competition -usually endemic species

Question 47

mass extinction

Answer 47

extinction event that cause 50% to 90% of all living species to go extinct

Question 48

endemic species

Answer 48

species native to a particular area and not really found anywhere else

Question 49

K-pg

Answer 49

Cretaceous mass extinction, wiped out the dinosaurs likely occurred due to a giant asteroid, iridium deposit

Question 50

Permian - Triassic Mass extinction

Answer 50

-over 10,000 years 24,000 gigatons of CO2 released -more destructive percentage-wise compared to K-pg -Chain reaction of volcanic activity

Question 51

Dead clade walking

Answer 51

post mass extinction event, 10-20 more species go extinct

Question 52

factors for predicting extinction

Answer 52

distribution of the group

Question 53

Pseudo-extinction

Answer 53

species doesn't die out, rather becomes something else

Question 54

anagenesis

Answer 54

modification of form over evolutionary time without seperation

Question 55

cladogenesis

Answer 55

new forms appear in the fossil record that arise through branching speciation

Question 56

phyletic gradualism

Answer 56

things evolve and change slowly over long periods of time

Question 57

punctuated equilibrium

Answer 57

changes remain static for a long period of time and then a massive change occurs

Question 58

copes rule

Answer 58

species in clades tend to increase in body size over evolutionary time, active