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Evolution > Quest 5 > Flashcards

Quest 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary Species Concept

A

defined species when lineage of populations that maintains its identity from other lineages and have its own evolutionary tendencies and history

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2
Q

Biological Species Concept

A

considered a species when groups can interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other such groups, gene flow determines boundaries

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3
Q

Ecological Species Concept

A

Different Species when two populations occupy two distinct niches

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4
Q

Phylogenetic Species Concept

A

Different species when shared derived characters that are unique to one monophyletic group and absent from all other populations in the phylogeny

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5
Q

Phenetic Species Concept

A

considered a species if they look phenotypically similar and look different from other sets of organisms

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6
Q

Genealogical Species Concept

A

a distinct species when a group of organisms are all more closely related to each other than they are to any organisms outside the group

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7
Q

Cryptic Species

A

two or more taxa that have a single name because they are morphologically indistinguishable

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8
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

speciation occurring in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.

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9
Q

Parapatric speciation

A

HYBRID ZONE diverging populations have distributions that overlap one another

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10
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

populations diverge into new species while in the same location

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11
Q

Parapatric models

A
  • hybrids are inferior to non-hybrids
    -hybrids are superior
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12
Q

Ring species

A

species are located at one end and as they travel along each side they evolve so when they meet back up they are so different that there is almost no gene flow

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13
Q

Reproductive character displacement

A

reproductive trait is less similar when two incipient species overlap than when two species do not overlap

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14
Q

Variance model

A

allopatric speciation, initially large population subdivided into new populations that are themselves still relatively large

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15
Q

Peripheral Isolate model

A

allopatric speciation, populations that are geographically isolated from one another differ in size, with one large population and one or several smaller populations

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16
Q

secondary reinforcement

A

reproductive isolation partly evolves allopatrically and is then reinforced when the two populations come into secondary contact

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17
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

Never going to mate with each other

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18
Q

postzygote isolating mechanisms

A

mate but end up dying, are sterile, or inviable

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19
Q

Reproductive isolation

A

inability of a species to breed successfully due to geographical, behavioral, physiological, or genetic barriers or difference

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20
Q

Chromosomal fusion

A

joining of chromosomes or parts of chromosomes

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21
Q

Chromosomal fission

A

splitting of chromosomes

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22
Q

Chromosomal inversion

A

segment breaks off and reattaches within the same chromosome, but in reverse orientation.

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23
Q

Chromosomal translocation

A

genome abnormality in which a chromosome breaks and reattaches to a different chromosome

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24
Q

Hybrid Inviability

A

hybrids carrying derived alleles have less reproductive success than those carrying no derived or only one derived allele.

25
Q

haldane’s rule

A

if among hybrid offspring: one sex is absent, sterile and that is the heterogametic one (in human case males)

26
Q

Pleistocene Megafauna extinction

A

extinction of large genera of mammals due to either climate change or human killing

27
Q

extinction

A

all individuals of a certain species have died out with no living descendants

28
Q

methods of fossil formations

A

-compression
-casts and molds
-permineralized
-unaltered remains

29
Q

compression

A

material is buried in water or wind borne sediment prior to decomposition and leave an impression due to weight deposited above

30
Q

casts and molds

A

when material decays after burial in sediment a mold is left of the organisms shape, preserves internal and external structures

31
Q

permineralized

A

structures buried in sediment and minerals infiltrate the material and harden, preserves fine details

32
Q

unaltered remains

A

whole organisms trapped in environment that discourages desiccation and weathering

33
Q

important info we get from the fossil record

A

provides information on preexisting life but also has geographic, taxonomic, and temporal bias

34
Q

geographic bias

A

-tend to be produced in lowland and marine environments
-marine organisms dominate the fossil record and only make up 10% of extant species

35
Q

taxonomic bias

A

-species that lack body structures that can be preserved are lacking in fossil record

36
Q

temporal bias

A

fossils are lost when the geological structures they exist in disappear

37
Q

Ediacaran fauna

A

found in Ediacaran Hills, oldest fossil recorded, beginning of Cambrian explosion

38
Q

Ediacaran fossils:

A

-small size
-lacks hard parts
-simple body plans
-asymmetrical or radial symmetry

39
Q

Burgess Shale

A

fossil bearing deposit in Canada, many Cambrian fossils

40
Q

Chenjiang biota from Yunnan Province

A

vast representation of cambrian fossils

41
Q

Law of superposition

A

fossils found lower down in the sediment at a particular locality are older than those found closer to the surface

42
Q

chemical dating

A

provides information on the relative age of a fossil due to the fluorine buildup

43
Q

radiocarbon dating

A

carbon 14 decays at a constant rate, half of the C14 will decay into N14

44
Q

paleomagnetic dating

A

estimates the age of a fossil by measurement in the change of the earths magnetic field

45
Q

Signor-Lipps effect

A

backward smearing, time lag between last fossil found and actual extinction date

46
Q

Background extinction

A

-extinction caused by predation, climate change, disease, or competition
-usually endemic species

47
Q

mass extinction

A

extinction event that cause 50% to 90% of all living species to go extinct

48
Q

endemic species

A

species native to a particular area and not really found anywhere else

49
Q

K-pg

A

Cretaceous mass extinction, wiped out the dinosaurs likely occurred due to a giant asteroid, iridium deposit

50
Q

Permian - Triassic Mass extinction

A

-over 10,000 years 24,000 gigatons of CO2 released
-more destructive percentage-wise compared to K-pg
-Chain reaction of volcanic activity

51
Q

Dead clade walking

A

post mass extinction event, 10-20 more species go extinct

52
Q

factors for predicting extinction

A

distribution of the group

53
Q

Pseudo-extinction

A

species doesn’t die out, rather becomes something else

54
Q

anagenesis

A

modification of form over evolutionary time without seperation

55
Q

cladogenesis

A

new forms appear in the fossil record that arise through branching speciation

56
Q

phyletic gradualism

A

things evolve and change slowly over long periods of time

57
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

changes remain static for a long period of time and then a massive change occurs

58
Q

copes rule

A

species in clades tend to increase in body size over evolutionary time, active

Evolution (9 decks)

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