Quest 1

Question 1

fitness

Answer 1

expected reproductive success, reflects how well an organism is adapted to its environment

Question 2

differential reproductive success

Answer 2

some individuals leave more viable offspring in the next generation than others due to traits that are more advantageous

Question 3

descent with modification

Answer 3

species change over time and give rise to new species, all share a common ancestor

Question 4

phylogenic diversity

Answer 4

measure of biodiversity/evolutionary history based on phylogeny

Question 5

mutation

Answer 5

changes in the dna sequence

Question 6

life history traits

Answer 6

growth rate, age/size a sexual maturity, reproductive schedule, mortality rate

Question 7

life history strategy

Answer 7

schedule/manner of investment in survivorship and reproduction during lifetime

Question 8

antibiotic resistance

Answer 8

bacteria and fungi that develop the ability to defeat drugs designed to kill them

Question 9

speciation

Answer 9

formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution

Question 10

phenotype

Answer 10

set of observable characters

Question 11

genotype

Answer 11

genetic makeup of an individual

Question 12

uniformitarianism

Answer 12

earth has always changed in uniform ways and the present is the key to the past

Question 13

norm of reaction

Answer 13

expression of the genotype depends on environmental conditions

Question 14

natural selection

Answer 14

process in which living organisms adapt and change

Question 15

natural selection steps

Answer 15

1. variation
2. inheritance
3. differential reproductive success

Question 16

artificial selection

Answer 16

humans chose which individuals reproduce and select traits that are most beneficial to them

Question 17

adaptation

Answer 17

inherited trait that makes an organism more fit to its environment and arose from direct action of natural selection of the primary function

Question 18

exaptation

Answer 18

traits that serves one function now but it evolved under different selective conditions and served a different function in the past

Question 19

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 19

when an organism changes during life in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed to offspring

Question 20

pleiotropic genes

Answer 20

genes that affect more than one characteristic

Question 21

antagonistic pleiotropy

Answer 21

the same genes codes for more than one trait where one trait is beneficial and the other is detrimental

Question 22

complex traits

Answer 22

variation within multiple genes and their interaction with behavioral and environmental factors, represent layers of adaptations and exaptation

Question 23

gene sharing

Answer 23

a protein that serves a function in one part of the body is recruited to perform a new/different function in another part

Question 24

gene duplication

Answer 24

proteins can switch function without loss of the original function, extra copy is formed

Question 25

constraints to evolution

Answer 25

1. genetic variation
2. gene constraints
3. gene flow
4. physical constraints
5. arms race
6. evolution lacks foresight

Question 26

Charles Darwin

Answer 26

idea of natural selection and descent with modification

Question 27

E. Darwin

Answer 27

theory of evolutionary change

Question 28

Wallace

Answer 28

co-authored a paper with Darwin on the theory of evolution by natural selection, wallace’s line

Question 29

Lamark

Answer 29

inheritance of acquired characteristics, transformation and adaptation of species

Question 30

Lyell

Answer 30

uniformitarianism vs. catastrophism

Question 31

Aristotle

Answer 31

used methodological naturalism to seek general principles in facts

Question 32

darwin’s finches

Answer 32

variation in beak morphology, formalized his idea of natural selection

Question 33

wallace’s line

Answer 33

imaginary drawn line to mark the difference between species found in different areas

Question 34

pigeons

Answer 34

darwin used pigeons to explain artificial selection bc pigeon breeding was very popular at the time. he used this to open into his natural selection idea

Question 35

california brassica rapa

Answer 35

mustard plant affected by drought, natural selection favored plants with an earlier flowing time. proved this by using plants from different years

Question 36

flowers and reaction norm

Answer 36

genotypes do not code for a fixed number of leaves

Question 37

oldfield mice

Answer 37

genetic variation alone is not enough for NS to occur

Question 38

guppies

Answer 38

life history strategy/traits, selective pressures, predation on guppies up//down stream

Question 39

swallows in nebraska

Answer 39

environmental disturbance by humans causes a need for NS to occur, birds with shorter wings are more likely to survive

Question 40

10,000 bacteria generations

Answer 40

antagonistic pleiotropy. creating bacteria lines and keeping them in freezers, test is same phenotypes would still evolve with different history, they did. size varied and they found an ideal temp

Question 41

mollusk eyes

Answer 41

lens evolved independently in different species through natural selection

Question 42

treehoppers

Answer 42

complex traits

Question 43

skull and feather structure

Answer 43

exaptation

Question 44

examples of selection constraints

Answer 44

placement of eyes on owls vs ostrich, size/shape of animals, leg size

Question 45

sex ratio in butterflies

Answer 45

uneven sex ratio but shifted back to 1:1 because NS can change characters of population