Quest 3

Question 1

segregation

Answer 1

each individual has 2 copies at each lotus and they segregate during gamete production so only one copy goes into each gamete

Question 2

independent assortment

Answer 2

allele that is passed down to next generation at one lotus is independent of which allele is passed down to the next generation at another lotus

Question 3

particulate inheritance

Answer 3

passes down across generations even when they are not vividly expressed in offspring

Question 4

blended inheritance

Answer 4

the two traits are mixed together

Question 5

genetic code

Answer 5

the way in which 20 amino acids and stop signals are specified by the 64 possible codons

Question 6

redundancy

Answer 6

the same amino acid can be coded by multiple codons

Question 7

codon bias

Answer 7

specific codons are used more often than synonymous codons

Question 8

epigentetic inheritance

Answer 8

experiences of the parents can be passed down to the offspring

Question 9

methylation

Answer 9

adding on a methyl group to a substrate

Question 10

histone

Answer 10

basic proteins found in chromatin in which DNA wraps around

Question 11

NC RNA

Answer 11

functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein

Question 12

four sources of variation

Answer 12

recombination
mutation
migration
lateral gene transfer

Question 13

nonsense mutation

Answer 13

creates a stop codon where there wasnt one previously present

Question 14

synonymous mutation

Answer 14

silent mutation that does not alter the amino acid

Question 15

nonsynonymous mutation

Answer 15

base change that changes amino acid sequence

Question 16

insertion mutation

Answer 16

addition of one of more nucleotides

Question 17

deletion mutation

Answer 17

removal of one or more nucleotides

Question 18

frameshift mutation

Answer 18

insertion/deletion occurs outside a multiple of 3 nucleotides which affects the translation of codons and protein production

Question 19

crossing over

Answer 19

physical exchange of DNA sements

Question 20

chromosomal duplication

Answer 20

section of a chromosome is duplicated causing a change in ploidy

Question 21

translocation

Answer 21

section of one chromosome moves to another

Question 22

ploidy

Answer 22

number of sets of chromosomes, haploid 1, diploid 2

Question 23

gene duplications

Answer 23

duplications of regions of DNA that contain entire genes

Question 24

deleterious mutation

Answer 24

change in DNA sequence that causes a risk of developing a certain genetic disorder or disease

Question 25

hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

Answer 25

makes inferences about evolutionary processes and genotype frequencies when NS and other changes arent occurring

Question 26

selection acts on _____ and changes ______

Answer 26

individuals, populations

Question 27

HWE conclusions

Answer 27

-frequencies do not chnage over time in absence of evolutionary process
-equilibrium genotype can be predicted by using allele frequencies and random mating when evolution is not occurring
-locus that is not in HWE will reach HWE in one generation if no evolution occuring

Question 28

assumptions of HWE

Answer 28

1. NS not operating
2. mating is random
3. no mutation
4. no migration in/out
5. infinite population size

Question 29

selection coefficient (s)

Answer 29

measure the strength of NS for/against a specific genotype of phenotype

Question 30

frequency independent selection

Answer 30

fitness associated with a trait is not dependent on the frequency of the trait in a population.

Question 31

frequency independent selection example

Answer 31

mice and autoimmune diseases. representing underdominace

Question 32

frequency dependent selection

Answer 32

costs/benefits associated with trait depend on frequency in the population, can be positive or negative

Question 33

frequency dependent selection example

Answer 33

snails and shell directions. Snails can only mate with snails with shells that coil in the same direction

Question 34

directional selection

Answer 34

one allele is consistently favored over the other and eventually the favored allele will become fixed in the population

Question 35

stabilizing selection

Answer 35

as a trait is stabilized in the population, genetic diversity decreases

Question 36

disruptive selection

Answer 36

individuals with intermediate phenotype are less fit than those of both higher and lower phenotype

Question 37

overdominance/heterozygote advantage

Answer 37

heterozygous genotype has a higher fitness than both homozygous genotypes

Question 38

balanced polymophism

Answer 38

stable equilibrium where both alleles are present

Question 39

balancing selection

Answer 39

allele frequencies will return to equilibrium values after veering away from equilibrium

Question 40

stable equilibrium

Answer 40

system does not change and if displaced it moves back to its original position

Question 41

underdominance/heterozygote disadvantage

Answer 41

heterozygote genotype has less fitness than both homozygote genotypes

Question 42

positive frequency dependent selection

Answer 42

phenotype is favored once it becomes common in the population

Question 43

negative frequency dependent selection

Answer 43

fitness associated with a trait decreases as frequency of the trait increases

Question 44

viability selection

Answer 44

fitness differences that arise due to differences in survival and mortality rate

Question 45

fecundity selection

Answer 45

NS acting on number of offspring produced

Question 46

assortative mating

Answer 46

individuals mate with those of same genotype and phenotype

Question 47

disassortative mating

Answer 47

individuals mate with those of different genotypes and phenotypes

Question 48

identical by descent

Answer 48

identical because of shared descent through a recent ancestor

Question 49

inbreeding

Answer 49

individuals mate with genetic relatives

Question 50

inbreeding depression

Answer 50

offspring from matings between genetic relatives have a reduced fitness

Question 51

migration

Answer 51

movement from one habitat to another in search new/better conditions

Question 52

NS population genetic process

Answer 52

variation in pop decreases, variation between pop increases

Question 53

mutation population genetic process

Answer 53

variation in pop and between pop increases

Question 54

nonrandom mating pop genetic process

Answer 54

variation in and between pop have no effect on allele frequencies

Question 55

migration pop genetic process

Answer 55

variation in pop increases, between pop decreases

Question 56

positive mutation

Answer 56

frequency increases through NS

Question 57

mutation selection balance

Answer 57

if NS decreases the frequency of an allele, its balanced by producing more mutations of the other allele

Question 58

discrete traits

Answer 58

maintain a distinct phenotype