Quarter 4 Vocab Flashcards
1
Q
- De Facto Segregation
A
segregation by unwritten custom ortradition
2
Q
- Thurgood Marshall
A
Associate of justice for the Supreme Court 1967-1991
3
Q
- Earl Warren
A
Ruled racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional
4
Q
- Brown V. Board of Education
A
Ended legal segregation in public schools
5
Q
- Civil Rights Act of 1957
A
outlawed discrimination in publicplaces and employment based on race, religion, or nationalorigin
6
Q
- Rosa Parks
A
African American civil rights activist
7
Q
- Montgomery Bus Boycott
A
1955–1956 protest by AfricanAmericans in Montgomery, Alabama, against racial segregationin the bus system
8
Q
- Martin Luther King Jr.
A
Leader of African American civil rights movement
9
Q
- De Jure Segregation
A
segregation imposed by law
10
Q
- Sit in
A
form of protest where participants sit and refuse tomove
11
Q
- SNCC
A
grass-roots movement founded in 1960 by young civilrights activists
12
Q
- Freedom ride
A
1961 protest by activists who rode busesthrough southern states to test their compliance with theban on segregation on interstate buses
13
Q
- James Merdith
A
Civil rights movement figure
14
Q
- Medgar Evers
A
Helped overturn segregation at the university of Mississippi
15
Q
- March on Washington
A
1963 demonstration in which morethan 200,000 people rallied for economic equality and civilrights
16
Q
- Filibuster
A
tactic by which senators give long speeches to holdup legislative business
17
Q
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
A
law that established a federal CivilRights Commission
18
Q
- Freedom summer
A
1964 effort to register AfricanAmerican voters in Mississippi
19
Q
- Voting Rights Act
A
law that banned literacy tests andempowered the federal government to oversee voter registration
20
Q
- 24th Amendment
A
constitutional amendmentthat banned the poll tax as a voting requirement
21
Q
- Kerner Commission
A
group set up to investigate the causesof race riots in American cities in the 1960s
22
Q
- Malcolm X
A
Muslim. African American human rights activist
23
Q
- Nation of Islam
A
African American religious organizationfounded in 1930 that advocated separation of the races
24
Q
- Black Power
A
movement in the 1960s that urged AfricanAmericans to use their collective political and economicpower to gain equality
25
135. Black Panthers
organization of militant African Americans founded in 1966
26
136. John F. Kennedy
35th president of the United States
27
137. Richard Nixon
37th president
28
138. Flexible Response
defense policy allowing for the appropriate action in any type of conflict
29
139. Peace Corps
American government organization that sends volunteers to provide technical, educational, and medical services in developing countries
30
140. Bay of Pigs
1961 failed invasion of Cuba by a CIA-led force of Cuban exiles
31
141. Cuban Missile Crisis
1962 conflict between the U.S. and the Soviet Union resulting from the Soviet installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba
32
142. Nikita Kicherov
Led the Soviets during part of the Cold War
33
143. Nuclear test ban treaty
1963 nuclear-weapons agreement, which banned aboveground nuclear tests
34
144. Berlin Wall
dividing wall built by East Germany in 1961 to isolate West Berlin from Communist-controlled East Berlin
35
145. New frontier
President Kennedy’s plan aimed at improving the economy, fighting racial discrimination, and exploring space
36
146. Equal pay act
1963 law that required both men and women to receive equal pay for equal work
37
147. Deficit spending
practice of a nation paying out more money than it is receiving in revenues
38
148. Space race
the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to develop the technology to successfully land on the moon
39
149. Warren Commision
committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy
40
150. Ho Chi Minh
Vietnamese communist leader
41
151. Domino Theory
idea that if a nation falls to communism, its closest neighbors will also fall under communist control
42
152. SEATO
defensive alliance aimed at preventing communist aggression in Asia
43
153. Vietcong
South Vietnamese communist rebels that waged a guerrilla war against the government of South Vietnam throughout the Vietnam War
44
154. Gulf on Tonkin Resolution
1964 congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit U.S. troops to South Vietnam and fight a war against North Vietnam
45
155. William Westmoreland
Commanded US forces during the Vietnamese war
46
156. Napalm
jellied gasoline dropped in canisters that explode on impact and cover large areas in flames; dropped by U.S. planes during the Vietnam War
47
157. Hawk
a person who supported U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War
48
158. Dove
person who opposed U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War
49
165. Vietnamization
President Nixon’s plan for gradual withdrawal of U.S. forces as South Vietnamese troops assumed more combat duties
50
166. My Lai
village in South Vietnam where in 1968 American forces opened fire on unarmed civilians; U.S. soldiers killed between 400 and 500 Vietnamese
51
167. Pentagon Papers
classified U.S. government study that revealed American leaders intentionally involved the United States in Vietnam without fully informing the American people; leaked to The New York Times in 1971
52
168. Paris Peace Accords
1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War
53
169. War Power Axis
1973 law passed by Congress restricting the President’s war-making powers; the law requires the President to consult with Congress before committing American forces to a foreign conflict
54
170. Henry Kissinger
American diplomat and political scientist.
55
171. Realpolitik
a foreign policy promoted by Henry Kissinger during the Nixon administration based on concrete national interests instead of abstract ideologies
56
172. Zhou Enlai
Leading figure of the Chinese communist party
57
173. Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
1972 treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union that froze the deployment of intercontinental ballistic missiles and placed limits on antiballistic missiles
58
174. Dètente
flexible diplomacy adopted by Richard Nixon to ease tensions between the United States, the Soviet Union, and the People’s Republic of China
59
175. Counterculture
movement that upheld values different from those of mainstream culture
60
176. Generation Gap
lack of understanding and communication between older and younger members of society
61
177. Beatles
British music group
62
178. Commune
small communities where people share resources
63
179. Timothy Leary
American psychologist who liked drugs
64
180. Rachel Carson
Author who advanced the global warming movement
65
181. Toxic Waste
poisonous byproducts of human activity
66
182. Earth Day
annual event of environmental activism and protest, begun in 1970
67
183. EPA
government agency committed to cleaning up and protecting the environment
68
184. Clean Air Act
act passed in 1970 that lessened air pollution by limiting the emissions from factories and automobiles
69
185. Clean water Act
1973 law that restricted the pollution of water by industry and agriculture
70
186. Endangered Species Act
law passed in 1973 to protect endangered plants and animals
71
187. Silent Majority
phrase introduced by President Richard Nixon to refer to a significant number of Americans who supported his policies but chose not to express their views
72
188. Stagflation
term for the economic condition created in the late 1960s and 1970s by high inflation combined with stagnant economic growth and high unemployment
73
189. OPEC
group of countries which sell oil to other nations and cooperate to regulate the price and supply of oil
74
190. Southern Strategy
tactic of the Republican Party for winning presidential elections by securing the electoral votes of southern states
75
191. Affirmative Action
policy that gives special consideration to women and minorities to make up for past discrimination
76
192. Watergate
political scandal involving illegal activities that ultimately led to the resignation of President Nixon in 1974
77
193. 25th Amendment
constitutional amendment ratified in 1967 that deals with presidential succession, vice presidential vacancy, and presidential inability
78
194. Executive Privilege
principle that the President has the right to keep certain communications between himself and other members of the executive branch private
79
195. Helsinki Records
agreement made in 1975 among the United States, Canada, and European nations, including the Soviet Union, in which all nations agreed to support human rights
80
196. Human Rights
basic rights automatically held by every human being, including religious freedom, education, and equality
81
197. SALT 2
proposed agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union to limit certain types of nuclear arms production; it was never ratified by the United States Senate
82
198. Boat People
refugees who leave their country by boat
83
199. Sanctions
penalties
84
200. Developing World
countries that are less economically advanced than developed countries such as the United States
85
201. Camp David Accords
1978 agreement brokered by President Jimmy Carter between Egyptian and Israeli leaders that made a peace treaty between the two nations possible
86
202. Ayatollah Khomeini
Ayatollah Khomeini was the founder and supreme leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The only leader in the Muslim world who combined political and religious authority as a head of state, he took office
87
203. Liberal
a person who tends to support government intervention to help the needy and favor laws protecting the rights of women and minorities
88
204. Conservative
person who tends to support limited government involvement in the economy, community help for the needy, and traditional values
89
205. New Right
political movement supported by reinvigorated conservative groups in the latter half of the twentieth century
90
206. Unfounded Mandate
program or action required but not paid for by the federal government
91
207. Moral Majority
political organization established by Reverend Jerry Falwell in 1979 to advance religious goals
92
208. Ronald Reagan
40th president of the United States
93
209. Supply Side Economics
economic theory that held that the government should increase the supply of labor and goods to achieve long-term growth, rather than increasing demand through government spending
94
210. Deregulation
reduction or removal of government controls over an industry
95
211. Budget Deficit
shortfall between the amount of money spent and the amount taken in by the federal government
96
212. National Debt
total amount of money that the federal government owes to the owners of government bonds
97
213. Savings and Loan Crisis
the failure of about 1,000 savings and loan banks as a result of risky business practices
98
214. AIDS
Sexually transmitted disease
99
215. European Union
economic and political union of European nations established in 1993
100
216. NAFTA
agreement signed in 1993 calling for the removal of trade restrictions among Canada, Mexico, and the United States
101
217. World Trade Organization
international organization formed in 1995 to encourage the expansion of world trade
102
218. Ethnic Cleansing
systematic effort to purge an area or society of an ethnic group through murder or deportation
103
219. al Queda
Terrorist group in Middle East
104
220. Taliban
Islamic fundamentalist faction that controlled most of Afghanistan from 1996–2001
105
221. Patriot Act
law passed following September 11, 2001, giving law enforcement broader powers in monitoring possible terrorist activities
106
222. Immigration act of 1990
law that increased the number of immigrants allowed in the U.S. per year
107
223. Privatize
to transfer from governmental ownership or control to private interests
