Quality Terminology Flashcards
Upper Specification Limit
Is the maximum value used to determine if a process is within specification.
Upper Control Limit
Is the maximum value used to determine if a process is within control.
Lower Control Limit
Is the minimum value used to determine if -a process is within control.
Lower Specification Limit
Is the minimum value used to determine if a process is within specification .
Mean
The average value in a measurement of a population
Rolled throughput yield (RTY)
Is the probability or likelihood, measured in percentage, of a unit going through a process with no defects.
Benchmarking
The comparison of a current product to industry standards or past standards to attain a measurement or baseline
Brainstorming
A data-generating technique which includes team members or subject matter experts for the purpose of solving project problems, identifying project risk , and planning-related activities
Common Cause
A predictable source of variation in a system
Conformance
Creation and delivery of a product that has met the specified requirements and conformance (or functionality) of use
Conformance to Requirement
The point where the project and product meet the standards of the written specifications defined at project inception (or modified through change control)
Control Chart
A graph of data that shows the measurement of a process over elapsed time
Control Limits
The area of measurement three standard deviations (or Sigma) from the mean on a control chart
Corrective Action
Action taken to bring project in line with the project management plan
Cost of Nonconformance
Cost associated with not meeting quality expectations of the project or product
Cost of Quality (COQ) (Technique)
Cost of conformance to requirements and non-conformance
Defect
A problem or error in the creation of the work of the project
Defect Repair
The process of correcting or improving an error in the creation of the project
Design of Experiments (DOE)
A process that examines which variables have the greatest outcome on a process or product
Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
A process that analyzes every failure mode in every piece of a product- The analysis is then reviewed for impact on every aspect of the system.
Features
The characteristics that the user desires built into a product
Fishbone Diagrams (Ishikawa Diagrams)
Diagrams that break down possible areas for failure in a process and allow analysis of impact for the area; sometimes considered an ideal tool for root cause analysis
Fitness for Use
A product that can be used as it was intended when designed
Flowcharting (Technique)
A decomposition approach to breaking a system or process into block steps that can be repeated by following the diagram
Flowcharts
Diagrams that display the connectivity of pieces of a system
Grade
A ranking to classify products that have different functions or features
Influence Diagram
A graphical representation of causal influences
Inspection (Technique)
Evaluating something created to ensure it meets the desired standards for use and conforms to requirements
Ishikawa Diagrams
Diagrams that break down possible areas for failure in a process and allow analysis of impact for the area; sometimes considered an ideal tool for root cause analysis. Also known as fishbone diagrams
ISO 9000
Developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as a means to plan , control, and document processes, and overall improve quality
Kaizen
A technique that takes a proactive stance to process development, one that makes improvements throughout a process as time evolves
Normal Distribution
A bell-shaped curve that is in sync with the mean of the population
Parametric Estimating
An estimating technique that utilizes historical or industry data to create estimates based on parameters such as a per unit or size variable
Pareto Analysis
Identification of the few problems that have the most occurrence on a measurement in a system/project, etc.
Pareto Chart (Tool)
A histogram that allows prioritization of problem areas on a project, system, etc.
Perform Quality Assurance
The periodic analysis of project performance to verify that the project will meet the applicable quality standards
Perform Quality Control
Observe project results to verify they meet the applicable quality standards while attempting to improve overall quality
Performance
The level of success at which a product performs its intended use
Plan Quality
Identification of applicable quality standards and how to attain them on the project or product
Population
The entire group of similar criteria (Ex: All Americans, all owners of a particular product)
Prevention Cost
Cost of planning and executing a project within an acceptable range of error (or error free)
Procedure
A set of activities completed in a certain order to accomplish a desired objective
Process
A set of activities completed in a certain order to create a product, result, or service
Process Adjustments
Adjustments made to modify the output of a process to achieve a better degree of quality
Project Quality Management
The processes required to ensure that the result of the project is satisfactory: establishing policies, objectives, and responsibilities
Quality
The degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfill requirements
Quality Audits
Reviews of quality activities that apply to lessons learned and can be applied to current and future projects
Quality Management Plan
Document that establishes the definition of quality, quality baseline, checklists; also defines and validates quality processes, tests the product, formats data for communication to project stakeholders, and deals with changes to quality standards and processes
Reliability
The likelihood of a product or service to function as planned
Rework
Actions used to modify/repair defective products to come within specification of the desired process outcome
Root Cause Analysis
A technique that is used to discover what is an underlying problem , defect, or variance with a system or product
Sample
A part of the population used for a measurement (instead of the entire population)
Seven Run Rule
A rule that states if seven consecutive data points are on one side of the mean (above or below) or increasing/decreasing, then the process is out of control and should be investigated
Sigma
A measurement of acceptability of a product or process
Special Cause
A non-random or intermittent variable in a system
Specification
A document (or piece of a document) that describes the requirements that something is to be created by or performed to, as well as verifiable when it has been created
Specification limits
The area on the sides of a mean of a control chart that the customer has established as acceptable limits for testing; can be above or below but not between the control limits
Standard Deviation
The measurement of variation within a distribution
Statistical Sampling
Selecting a section of the population to use for a measurement (instead of the entire population)
Threshold
A value related to the project such as scope, time, cost, or quality that if crossed, activates some type of report, action, or procedure
Value Engineering (VE)
A technique which emphasizes executing the project and total cost of ownership over the product life cycle as efficiently and effectively as possible
