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PMP > Quality in Project Management > Flashcards

Quality in Project Management Flashcards

1
Q

quality

A

quality is conformance to requirements and fitness to use.

  • quality is the totality of an entity that bears on its ability to satisfy stated or imply need
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2
Q

3 processes

A
  1. plan quality management 2. manage quality 3. control quality
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3
Q

Activity network diagram

A

These diagrams, such as the project network diagram, show the flow of the project work.

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4
Q

Affinity diagram

A

This diagram breaks down ideas, solutions, causes, and project components and groups them together with other similar ideas and components.

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5
Q

Benchmarking

A

Comparing any two similar entities to measure their performance.

  • compare one project to another
  • the goal is to evaluate the differences between projects
  • take corrective actions for the current project
  • truth in reporting is mandatory
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6
Q

Cause-and-effect diagrams

A

Diagrams that show the relationship between variables within a process and how those relationships may contribute to inadequate quality. The diagrams can help organize both the process and team opinions, as well as generate discussion on finding a solution to ensure quality.

  • shows relationships between the variables within a process
  • how those relationships may contribute to inadequate quality
  • can help organize both the process and team opinions
  • to create: start with the effect, fill out the diagram with possible causes
  • aka Ishikawa diagrams and fishbone diagram
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7
Q

Checklist

A

A simple approach to ensure that work is completed according to the quality policy. Ensure work is done the same way each time

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8
Q

Control chart

A

A quality control chart that maps the performance of project work over time.

  • typically used in projects or operations with repetitive activities
  • manufacturing
  • testing series
  • help desks
  • Upper control limits (UCLs) and Lower control limits (LCLs)
  • greater sigma the tinier amount of errors there are
  • +/- 1 sigma = 68.26% correct
  • +/- 2 = 95.46 % correct
  • +/- 3 = 99.73% correct
  • +/-6 = 99.99% correct
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9
Q

Control quality

A

An inspection-driven process that measures work results to confirm that the project is meeting the relevant quality standards.

  • conduct statistical QC, ex sampling and probability
  • inspect the product keep errors away from the customer
  • perform attribute sampling and variable sampling
  • attribute sampling: defect or not
  • variable sampling: how defect? how far from quality acceptance
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10
Q

Cost of conformance

A

This is the cost associated with the monies spent to attain the expected level of quality. It is also known as the cost of quality.

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11
Q

Cost of nonconformance to quality

A

The cost associated with not satisfying quality expectations. This is also known as the cost of poor quality.

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12
Q

Cost-benefit analysis

A

A process to study the trade-offs between costs and the benefits realized from those costs.

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13
Q

Design of experiments

A

An approach that relies on statistical scenarios to determine what variables within a project will result in the best outcome.

  • examines variables to determine best outcome
  • one million postcards
  • the best results win
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14
Q

External QA

A

Assurance provided to the external customers of the project.

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15
Q

Flowchart

A

A diagram illustrating how components within a system are related. Flowcharts show the relation between components, as well as help the project team determine where quality issues may be present and, once done, plan accordingly.

  • illustrate the flow of a process through a system
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16
Q

Internal QA

A

Assurance provided to management and the project team.

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17
Q

ISO

A

The abbreviation for the International Organization for Standardization. ISO is Greek for “equal,” while “International Organization for Standardization” in a different language would be abbreviated differently. The organization elected to use “ISO” for all languages.

  • not specific to any one industry and can be applied to organizations of any size
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18
Q

Matrix diagram

A

A data analysis table that shows the strength between variables and relationships in the matrix.

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19
Q

Pareto diagram

A

A histogram that illustrates and ranks categories of failure within a project.

  • maps out the cause of defects and illustrates their frequency
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20
Q

Quality

A

According to ASQ, the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements.

  • prevention driven
  • done correctly first time to prevent poor results, a loss of time, and loss of funds
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21
Q

Quality assurance

A

A management process that defines the quality system or quality policy that a project must adhere to. QA aims to plan quality into the project rather than to inspect quality into a deliverable. Concerned with overall project quality performance, quality is planned into the project not inspected in.

22
Q

Quality management plan

A

This plan defines how the project team will implement and fulfill the quality policy of the performing organization.

  • Defines quality policy for the project
  • Defines quality assurance requirements
  • defines how quality control activities will occur
  • planning is an iterative process, done over and over throughout project
  • PMI theme: plan, implement, measure, react - and document
  • must meet scope to achieve quality
  • product is unacceptable, the project is not finished
23
Q

Quality metrics

A

The operational definitions that specify the measurements within a project and the expected targets for quality and performance.

24
Q

Quality planning

A

The process of first determining which quality standards are relevant to your project and then finding out the best methods of adhering to those quality standards.

  1. completed prior to work beginning and be revisited as needed
  2. creating a plan to meet the requirements of quality
25
Q

Rule of Seven

A

A component of a control chart that illustrates the results of seven measurements on one side of the mean, which is considered “out of control” in the project.

26
Q

Run chart

A

A quality control tool that shows the results of inspection in the order in which they’ve occurred. The goal of a run chart is first to demonstrate the results of a process over time and then to use trend analysis to predict when certain trends may reemerge.

  • similar to control chart
  • against a calendar as the horizontal x-axis
27
Q

Scatter diagram

A

A quality control tool that tracks the relationship between two variables over time. The two variables are considered related to the closer they track against a diagonal line.

  • positive correlation: one quantity increase so does the other
  • negative correlation: one quantity increase the other decreases
  • No correlation: both quantities vary with no clear relationship
28
Q

Seven basic quality tools

A

These seven tools are used in quality planning and in quality control: cause-and-effect diagrams, flowcharts, check sheets, Pareto diagrams, histograms, control charts, and scatter diagrams.

29
Q

Statistical sampling

A

A process of choosing a percentage of results at random. For example, a project creating a medical device may have 20 percent of all units randomly selected to check for quality.

  • can reduce the costs of quality control
  • results can be mixed w/o adequate testing plan and schedule
30
Q

System or process flowcharts

A

Flowcharts that illustrate the flow of a process through a system, such as a project change request through the change control system, or work authorization through a quality control process.

31
Q

Tree diagram

A

Tree diagrams show the hierarchies and decomposition of a solution, an organization, or a project team. The WBS and an org chart are examples of tree diagrams.

32
Q

Trend analysis

A

The science of using past results to predict future performance.

  • Applying Trend Analysis to cost and schedule performance:
  • how many activities were completed incorrectly
  • delivery time
  • cost variances
33
Q

Work performance information

A

The results of the project work as needed. This includes technical performance measures, project status, information on what the project has created to date, corrective actions, and performance reports.

34
Q

quality terminology

A
  • measurable terms
  • requirements
  • beware of gold plating
  • definite terms, not
    • fast, reliable, happy
35
Q

quality project management

A
  • customer satisfaction: conformance to requirements, fitness for use
  • Prevention: quality is planned into a project, not inspected in
  • Management responsibility
  • Deming’s “Plan-Do-Check-Act:
36
Q

quality management terms

A
  • prevention: keeping errors out of the process
  • inspection: keeping errors out of the customers’ hands
  • Attribute sampling: results either conforms or does not conform
  • variable sampling: results rated on a continuous scale that measures the degree of conformity
  • Tolerances: specified range of acceptable results
  • control limits: identify the boundaries of common variation in a statistically stable process or process performance
    *
37
Q

Accuracy and Precision and Quality

A
  • Precision: is a measure of exactness
  • Accuracy: is an assessment of correctness
  • Precise measurements aren’t necessarily accurate measurements
  • Accurate measurements aren’t necessarily precise measurements
38
Q

kaizen technologies

A
  • continuous small improvements to reduce costs and ensure consistency
  • ex marathon, small steps 1 miles, 3 miles, etc to run 25 miles
39
Q

Margin Analysis

A
  • study of the cost of improvements to a product or service and how the costs contribute to an increase in revenue
  • marginal costs to create one more unit
  • study to improve product or service, what the cost associated to make it better
  • spend more but ROI
40
Q

quality policy

A
  • Formal quality approaches
  • ISO programs
  • Six Sigma
  • total quality management
  • if a quality policy doesn’t exist the project manager must create one for the project
41
Q

Quality and Grade

A
  • Quality: fulfilling requirements, project scope, product scope, implied needs, low quality is always a problem
  • Grade: category or ranking, class of services, types of materials, low grade may be needed, low grade isn’t necessarily a problem
42
Q

ITTOs Plan quality management

A
  • Inputs: project charter, PM plan, requirements management plan, stakeholder engagement plan, scope baseline, Project docs, assumption log, requirements documentation, requirements traceability matrix, risk register, stakeholder register, EEFs and OPAs
  • tools and techniques: expert judgment, data gathering, benchmarking, brainstorming, interviews, Data analysis, cost-benefit analysis, cost of quality, Decision making, multicriteria decision analysis, Data representation, flowcharts, logical data model, matrix diagrams, mind mapping, Test and inspection planning, meetings
  • Outputs: quality management plan, quality metrics, PM plan updates, risk management plan, scope baseline, Project docs updates, lessons learned register, requirements traceability matrix (RTM), risk register, stakeholder register
43
Q

Quality Costs

A
  • Prevention: quality assurance delivery of exact project scope and the expected quality
  • Appraisal: cost of measuring, testing, auditing, and evaluating time for testing
  • Failure: scrap and rework internal or external loss of sales loss of customers, downtime, damage reputation
44
Q

ITTOs Manage Quality

A
  • inputs: PM plan, quality management plan, Project docs, lessons learned register, quality control measurements, quality metrics, risk report, OPAs
  • Tools and techniques: data gathering, checklists, Data analysis, alternative analysis, document analysis, process analysis, root cause analysis, Decision making, multicriteria decision analysis, Data representation, affinity diagrams, cause and effect diagrams, flowcharts, histograms, matrix diagrams, scatter diagrams, Audits, Problem-solving, quality improvement methods
  • Outputs: quality reports, test and evaluation docs, change requests, PM plan updates, quality management plan, scope baseline, schedule baseline, cost baseline, Project docs updates, issue log, lessons learned register, risk register
45
Q

Design for X

A
  • a philosophy in product design
  • X can mean excellence
  • a specific characteristic of a solution
  • aka DFX
  • X is usually a variable that the project is trying to address: such as costs, uptime, ROI
  • considers all components of the design and how the component affects the X variable
  • goals include lowered costs and improved service, reliability, safety, and overall quality
46
Q

ITTOs Control Quality

A
  • Inputs: PM plan, quality management plan, Project docs, lessons learned register, quality metrics, test and eval docs, Approved change requests, Deliverables, Work performance data, EEFs and OPAs
  • Tools and techniques: Data gathering, checklists, checksheets, Statistical sampling, questionnaires, Data analysis, performance reviews, root cause analysis, Inspection, Testing/product evaluations, multicriteria decision analysis, Data representation, cause and effect diagrams, control charts, histograms, scatter diagrams, meetings
  • Outputs: Quality control measurements, verified deliverables, work performance info, change requests, PM plan updates, quality management plan updates, Project docs updates, issue log, lessons learned register, test and eval docs
47
Q

Check Sheets

A
  • aka tally sheets
  • tally up the type of defects
  • help organize data about a quality issue
  • checklists ensure the work is done the same way each time
48
Q

Just in time (JIT)

A
  • JIT scheduling decreases the investment in inventory
  • can cause downtime if no additional materials are on hand
49
Q

kaizen method

A

small changes to processes and products on a steady, continuous basis to save costs and improve quality

50
Q

total quality management (TQM)

A
  • business philosophy to find methods to continuously improve products, services, and business practices
51
Q

7 basic quality tools

A
  1. cause and effect diagrams
  2. flowcharts
  3. checksheets
  4. Pareto diagrams
  5. histograms
  6. control chart
  7. scatter diagram

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