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Quality Flashcards

1
Q

Quality

A

Quality -

Conformance to requirements and fitness for use

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2
Q

Quality Planning

A

Quality Planning -

Identifying the QUALITY STANDARDS and the METHODS to MEET THEM

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3
Q

Quality Assurance

A

Quality Assurance -

Doing AUDITS, MEASUREMENT COMPARISONS, IMPROVEMENTS and checking appropriate STANDARDS.

Overall PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS and not about inspecting the product for quality or measuring defects!

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4
Q

Quality Control

A

Quality Control -

Comparing actual results to standards, measuring and testing errors, measuring schedule performance.

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5
Q

Marginal Analysis

A

Marginal Analysis -

Optimal QUALITY is REACHED at the point where:

INCREMENTAL VALUE from IMPROVEMENT = INCREMENTAL COST to secure it.

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6
Q

Statistical Independence

A

Statistical Independence -

When the OUTCOMES of TWO PROCESSES NOT LINKED TOGETHER or dependent upon each other, they are called statistically independent.

Example: coin toss - the previous “heads” or “tails” has no consequence upon the next toss.

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7
Q

Mutually Exclusive

A

Mutually Exclusive -

Statistical term that states one choice EXCLUDES the others.

Example: tossing a coin can’t be both “heads” AND “tails”.

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8
Q

Attribute Sampling vs.

Variable Sampling

A

Attribute Sampling vs. Variable Sampling -

Attribute Sampling: binary - the outuput either conforms to quality or it does not.

Example: my car passing the smog test.

Variable Sampling: measures how well the outputs conform to quality.

Example: rating a batch of a product rated on a continuous scale, such as bottle water being produced in factory.

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9
Q

Special Causes

A

Special Causes -

In a CONTROL CHART considered UNUSUAL and PREVENTABLE by PROCESS IMPROVEMENT.

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10
Q

Common Causes

A

Common Causes -

In a CONTROL CHART considered ACCEPTABLE and UNTREATABLE.

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11
Q

Standard Deviation

A

Standard Deviation -

How spread out the numbers are from the average

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12
Q

3 and 6 Sigma Values

A

3 and 6 Sigma Values -

68.25% of values will fall within 1 sigma from the mean.

95.46% of values will fall within 2 sigma from the mean.

99.73% of values will fall within 3 sigma from the mean.

99.99966% of values will fall within 6 sigma from the mean.

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13
Q

Cost of Quality

A

Cost of Quality -

Cost of NOT doing it RIGHT the FIRST time!

Three types of COSTS:

  1. Prevention Costs - costs associated with satisfying customer requirements by producing a product without defects.
  2. Appraisal Costs - costs expended in examining, inspecting, or testing the product or process to ensure requirements are being met.
  3. Failure Costs - What it costs when things don’t go to plan:
    1. Internal - scrap, re-work, expediting
    2. External - warranty, servicing, recalls
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14
Q

7 Basic Quality Tools Used in Plan Quality Management and Control Quality

A

7 Basic Quality Tools -

  1. Pareto Chart
  2. Flow Charts
  3. Cause-and-effect Diagram
  4. Control Chart
  5. Check Sheet
  6. Histogram
  7. Scatter Diagram

In Plan Quality Management they are discussed and decision to use or not to use, and how to be used. In Control Quality they are put into action.

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15
Q

Pareto Diagram

A

Pareto Diagram -

7QC Tool

DEFECTS rated from GREATEST NUMBER of occurrences to LEAST NUMBER of occurrences.

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16
Q

What is this diagram?

A

Pareto Diagram -

7QC Tool

DEFECTS rated from GREATEST NUMBER of occurrences to LEAST NUMBER of occurrences.

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17
Q

Flowcharting

A

Flowcharting -

7QC Tool

How various components relate in a system.

Shows how a process or system flows from beginning to end, how the elements interrelate, alternative paths, outputs.

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18
Q

What is this chart?

A

Flowcharting -

7QC Tool

How various components relate in a system.

Shows how a process or system flows from beginning to end, how the elements interrelate, alternative paths, outputs.

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19
Q

Cause and Effect Diagram

(Fishbone / Ishikawa)

A

Cause and Effect Diagram (Fishbone / Ishikawa) -

7QC Tool

Cause found by looking at problem and asking “why” until ROOT CAUSES are determined

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20
Q

What is this diagram?

A

Cause and Effect Diagram (Fishbone / Ishikawa) -

7QC Tool

Cause found by looking at problem and asking “why” until ROOT CAUSES are determined

21
Q

Control Chart

A

Control Chart -

7QC Tool

Determines if PROCESS is STABLE and/or PREDICTABLE.

Displays the results of a REPETETIVE PROCESS.

Control limits represented by +- 3 sigma.

UPPER and LOWER CONTROL LIMITS

Common Causes - no need to investigate.

Special Case / Assignable Cause - out of control, investigate!

Rule of 7 - when 7 or more points are above or below the median line

22
Q

What is this chart?

A

Control Chart -

7QC Tool

Determines if PROCESS is STABLE and/or PREDICTABLE.

Displays the results of a REPETETIVE PROCESS.

Control limits represented by +- 3 sigma.

UPPER and LOWER CONTROL LIMITS

Common Causes - no need to investigate.

Special Case / Assignable Cause - out of control, investigate!

Rule of 7 - when 7 or more points are above or below the median line

23
Q

Checksheets

A

Checksheets -

7QC Tool​

Captures quality related incidents and facts.

24
Q

What is this tool?

A

Checksheets -

7QC Tool​

Captures quality related incidents and facts.

25
Q

Histograms

A

Histograms -

7QC Tool​

Helps VISUALIZE DATA DISTRIBUTION.

Similar to Pareto Diagram. Also called bar chart.

26
Q

What is this chart?

A

Histograms -

7QC Tool​

Helps VISUALIZE DATA DISTRIBUTION.

Similar to Pareto Diagram. Also called bar chart.

27
Q

Scatter Diagrams

A

Scatter Diagrams -

7QC Tool

Looks for a correlation between a DEPENDENT VARIABLE and an INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.

28
Q

What is this diagram?

A

Scatter Diagrams -

7QC Tool

Looks for a correlation between a DEPENDENT VARIABLE and an INDEPENDENT VARIABLE.

29
Q

Design of Experiments

A

Design of Experiments -

Uses experiments to determine statistically what variables will improve quality.

30
Q

What is this image representing?

A

Design of Experiments -

Uses experiments to determine statistically what variables will improve quality.

31
Q

Statistical Sampling

A

Statistical Sampling -

A random sampling representing the entire population.

32
Q

What does this tool represent?

A

Statistical Sampling -

A random sampling representing the entire population.

33
Q

Benchmarking

A

Benchmarking -

Quality standards are compared to other projects.

34
Q

What does this image represent?

A

Benchmarking -

Quality standards are compared to other projects.

35
Q

Tree Diagrams

A

Tree Diagrams -

Useful for DECISION ANALYSIS:

  • Organize data
  • Map out relationships
  • Decompose processes

to find a solution to a problem, and arrive at corrective or preventitive action.

36
Q

What is this diagram?

A

Tree Diagrams -

Useful for DECISION ANALYSIS:

  • Organize data
  • Map out relationships
  • Decompose processes

to find a solution to a problem, and arrive at corrective or preventitive action.

37
Q

Activity Network Diagram

A

Activity Network Diagram -

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM (like WBS from time management) to show PRECEDENCE and DEPENDENCIES

38
Q

What is this diagram?

A

Activity Network Diagram -

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM (like WBS from time management) to show PRECEDENCE and DEPENDENCIES

39
Q

Interrelationship Diagraph

A

Interrelationship Diagraph -

A graphical tool used to MAP COMPLEX PROBLEMS and show all of the CAUSE and EFFECTS related to the problem.

Similar to Fishbone Diagram, but different.

40
Q

What is this diagram?

A

Interrelationship Diagraph -

A graphical tool used to MAP COMPLEX PROBLEMS and show all of the CAUSE and EFFECTS related to the problem.

Similar to Fishbone Diagram, but different.

41
Q

Prioritization Matrices

A

Prioritization Matrices -

Potential solutions to problems are set out in a matrix and assigned a priority based on pre-determined criteria.

42
Q

What is this tool?

A

Prioritization Matrices -

Potential solutions to problems are set out in a matrix and assigned a priority based on pre-determined criteria.

43
Q

Affinity Diagram

A

Affinity Diagram -

Help to synthesize large amounts of data by finding relationships between ideas.

Post-It Notes sorted into groups for review and further analysis.

Best when done with a team, including key stakeholders.

44
Q

What is this tool?

A

Affinity Diagram -

Help to synthesize large amounts of data by finding relationships between ideas.

Post-It Notes sorted into groups for review and further analysis.

Best when done with a team, including key stakeholders.

45
Q

Process Decision Program Chart

A

​Process Decision Program Chart -

Typically used with TREE DIAGRAMS, these charts let you DECOMPOSE a GOAL into STEPS required to achieve it.

Each step is then REVIEWED for POTENTIAL RISK.

46
Q

What is this chart?

A

​Process Decision Program Chart -

Typically used with TREE DIAGRAMS, these charts let you DECOMPOSE a GOAL into STEPS required to achieve it.

Each step is then REVIEWED for POTENTIAL RISK.

47
Q

Force Field Analysis

A

Force Field Analysis -

Provides a framework for looking at the factors (forces) that influence a situation.

It looks at forces that are either driving movement toward a goal (helping forces) or blocking movement toward a goal (hindering forces).

48
Q

What is this tool?

A

Force Field Analysis -

Provides a framework for looking at the factors (forces) that influence a situation.

It looks at forces that are either driving movement toward a goal (helping forces) or blocking movement toward a goal (hindering forces).

49
Q

Attribute Sampling vs.

Variable Sampling

A

Attibute Sampling vs. Variable Sampling -

  • Attribute Sampling: is binary, it either conforms to quality or it doesn’t (YES or NO)
  • Variables Sampling: Measures how well something conform to quality (RANGES, SCALES of conformity degree)

LC PMP Studies (10 decks)

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