Qualitative Research and CBPR Flashcards
What are the purposes of qualitative research?
1-Exploratory research.
2-Enhance depth and validity of quantitative inquiries.
3-Precursor to implementing health promotion programs.
What is a paradigm?
Model, pattern, or example that may be influential in shaping the development of a discipline.
What is positivism?
View that serious scientific inquiry should confine itself to the study of relations existing between facts that can be observed.
Objective and tests theories.
What is interpretivism?
View that reality is socially constructed because each individual perceives, understands, experiences, and makes meaning of reality in different ways.
Overall aim is to understand others’ realities and relate them to one’s own reality.
What are the five characteristics of qualitative research?
- Naturalistic
- Data are descriptive
- Concern with process
- Inductive
- Meaning is the goal
What does it mean to be naturalistic?
Lack of manipulation or control.
Data collected in natural setting.
High level of context.
What does it mean that the data are descriptive?
Represented in words, pictures, videos, notes, etc.
What does it mean to be concerned with the process?
Focused on how it came to be rather than WHAT came to be.
What does it mean to be inductive?
Derives general pattern from observations that may eventually become hypotheses.
Ongoing, dynamic, and emerging.
Small to big.
What does it mean that the meaning is the goal?
- Perspective of PPTs in main concern.
- Acknowledge biases.
What is exploratory qualitative research?
- Gathers observations using naturalistic approach.
- Defines patterns grounded in data.
- Insider POV: emic.
- Context is important: research seeks to provide an understanding based on experiences of PPTs in a particular setting.
What is triangulation?
Combination of different researchers, theories, methods, and data sources in a study that leads to a more complete analysis.
What is investigator triangulation?
Uses multidisciplinary research team with varied experience.
Increase internal reliability or validity of studies.
What is theoretical triangulation?
Use of multiple theories or framework in one study to test hypotheses.
What is data triangulation?
Use of several data sources in one study.
What is method triangulation?
Use of multiple data collection strategies to answer same research question.
What is within-methods triangulation?
Uses multiple data collection strategies from same approach (quantitative or qualitative). Simultaneous triangulation.
What is between-methods triangulation?
Qualitative and quantitative analysed at same time and not equally weighted.
What is sequential triangulation?
Results of one approach used to inform another.
What are four basic strategies of health promotion in qualitative research?
- Phenomenology
- Ethnography
- Grounded theory
- Ethnoscience
What is phenomenology?
Interpretivist.
Study of one’s consciousness and the way in which one perceives and interprets events and one’s RL to them in terms of BH.
Understand ways in which people construct their realities.
What is ethnography?
OG in cultural anthropology.
Social scientific description of the customs of people and their culture.
What is grounded theory?
Method for deriving theory from data gathered systematically and analyzed.
What is ethnoscience?
Focuses on RL between human culture and knowledge, cognitions, and perceptions.
Culturally derived classification system that people use to make sense of reality.
What are some data collection methods for qualitative research?
- Interviews
- Semi-structured interviews
- Focus groups
Describe an interview.
An interview is a conversation in which topics emerge and focuses on the life experiences of the participant.
What is probing?
Interviewing technique where interviewer performs verbal or nonverbal communication in order to collect more information or make interviewee more comfortable.
Describe a semi-structured interview.
Open-ended questions that are typically asked of all PPTs in a predetermined order.
Describe a focus group.
Interviewer interviews small groups of people at the same time.
Typically homogenous groups of people that are strangers to each other.
People may react to each other.
What is saturation?
When consistent themes are repeated in focus groups. Adequate sample size has been reached.
How to analyze qualitative data?
4 steps:
- Transcribe interview verbatim.
- Organize data into meaningful themes.
- Choose illustrative quotations.
- Consider using quantitative index of interrater reliability.
Why is there a need for new approaches to health disparities research?
- Persistence of racial/ethnic disparities.
- Disappointing results.
- Community mistrust and reluctance to participate in research.
What is CBPR?
- A collaborative approach to research that equitably involves all partners in the research process and recognizes the unique strengths that each brings.
- CBPR begins with a research topic of importance to the community and has the aim of combining knowledge with action and achieving social change to improve community health and eliminate health disparities.
List the principles of CBPR.
9 principles:
Recognizes community as a unit of identity.
Builds on strengths and resources within the community.
Facilitates collaborative, equitable partnerships in all phases of the research.
Promotes co-learning and capacity building among all partners.
Integrates knowledge and action for mutual benefit of all partners
Addresses health from an ecological perspective.
Involves systems development through a cyclical and iterative process.
Disseminates findings and knowledge gained to all partners.
Involves long-term process and commitment to sustainability
What are some benefits of participatory approach?
8 Benefits:
- Join partners with diverse expertise and experience.
- Enhance recruitment and retention by increasing community buy-in and trust.
- Enhance the reliability and validity of measurement instruments.
- Strengthen intervention by incorporating community norms and values.
- Increase accurate and culturally sensitive interpretation of findings.
- Provide resources and benefits to community.
- Facilitate effective dissemination of findings to impact public health and policy.
- Increase the potential for translation of evidence-based research into sustainable community change.
What are some benefits of a partnership approach?
Increase accurate and culturally sensitive interpretation of findings.
Provide resources and benefits to community.
Facilitate effective dissemination of findings to impact public health and policy.
Increase the potential for translation of evidence-based research into sustainable community change.
What are challenges of CBPR?
7 main challenges:
- Time and effort.
- Trust can be fragile.
- Inequitable distribution of power and control.
- Conflicts arising from differences in perspective, priorities, assumptions.
- Defining community, who represents the community.
- Defining extent of partners’ participation.
- Dissemination of findings in timely, useful way
What is the goal of health promotion?
To reduce risk.
How should one perform an observational study?
Researcher observes people in their own environment.
What is complete participant?
Researcher behaves as though their role is that of a PPT rather than a researcher.
What is participant as observer?
Investigator identifies as researcher while interacting with PPTs in social setting.
What is observer as PPT?
Identifies as researcher but enters social setting periodically for brief periods to conduct interviews.
What is complete observer?
Researcher observes social process without being part of it.
What is a CAB?
Community advisory board. Reps of general public and key stakeholders that meet with reps of study.
Describe the distilled core principles of CBPR.
3 Core Principles:
- Ethical engagement: active partnering with communities so they derive benefit from research.
- Community empowerment: enabled to gain control over their lives and decisions affecting their community.
- Sustainability: refers to endurance of research, programs, outcomes into clear and translatable plans.
What are three subsets of relations in CBPR?
- Structural dynamics.
- Individual dynamics.
- Relational dynamics.
