Measurement in Health Promotion

Question 1

What are metrics?

Answer 1

Standards used to measure tangible and intangible phenomena.

Question 2

What are some types of metrics?

Answer 2

4:

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

Question 3

What is nominal data?

Answer 3

Nominal data is data that can be labelled or classified into mutually exclusive categories within a variable. These categories cannot be ordered in a meaningful way. Not numerical.

Question 4

What is ordinal data?

Answer 4

Data based on categories that can be ordered based on preference. There is transitivity between ranks. Distance between ranks is not known to be equal.

Question 5

What is transitivity?

Answer 5

Clear that high is more than medium, etc. Clear differentiation and levels of data.

Question 6

What is interval data?

Answer 6

Data continuous in nature that are not based on categories and separation between points is equal.

Question 7

What is ratio data?

Answer 7

Continuous data not based on categories that is on a continuum and separation is equal between points. True 0 exists.

Question 8

What is reliability?

Answer 8

Consistency of measures across a study.

Directly related to amount of random error.

Question 9

What is internal reliability?

Answer 9

How well your method measures something. When items constituting a measure are correlated with one another the measure is said to have internal reliability.

Question 10

What is validity?

Answer 10

The index or scale measures what it is supposed to measure.
The validity of a research study refers to how well the results among the study participants represent true findings among similar individuals outside the study.

Question 11

What is face validity?

Answer 11

Implies items have been judged by experts as capturing intended construct.

Question 12

What is content validity?

Answer 12

Implies experts have concluded that all possible items have been included in assessment of construct.

Ability of theory to provide findings consistent with underlying theory.

Question 13

What is criterion validity?

Answer 13

The extent to which an operationalization of a construct, such as a test, relates to, or predicts, a theoretical representation of the construct—the criterion.

Construct is statistically associated with expected criterion measure.

Question 14

What is a variable?

Answer 14

Single measure that can take on more than one value.

Question 15

What is a mediating variable?

Answer 15

Bridges predictor and outcome via a third variable and help to explain association between the two. On causal pathway.

Question 16

What is a moderating variable?

Answer 16

Imposes conditions on association between predictor and outcome. The level of moderator affects association. Not on causal pathway.

Question 17

What is social desirability bias?

Answer 17

Respond to questions in a way that casts positive light on person engaging in self-report.

Question 18

What is inaccurate recall bias?

Answer 18

People self-report BH and may not recall frequency or way they engaged in BH.

Happens when people do not remember. Could pose threat to statistical power.

Question 19

What is selective recall bias?

Answer 19

When people self report that they may recall on a personally created reality.

Question 20

What is recall bias?

Answer 20

Occurs when participants do not accurately recall events or omit details.

Question 21

What is a behavioural anchor?

Answer 21

Limit wording of question to a specific question, increasing the precision of the measurement.

Question 22

What is the principle of correspondence?

Answer 22

Action, target, time, and context are all clearly definable in wording of a question.

Question 23

What is a latent variable?

Answer 23

Not directly observed but rather inferred from other observed variables.