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NUR3202C Research > Qualitative Research > Flashcards

Qualitative Research Flashcards

1
Q

Nature of reality for a positivist (quantitative) vs constructivist (qualitative)

A

Positivist - a regular reality is “out there” and can be explained

Constructivist - reality is multiple and subjective, constructed by the individual

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2
Q

Relationships for positivist (quantitative) vs constructivist (qualitative)

A

Positivist - researcher is independent

Constructivist - researcher interacts and co-creates findings with participants

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3
Q

Values for positivist (quantitative) vs constructivist (qualitative)

A

Positivist - objective, values and biases are limited

Constructivist - subjectivity is valued

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4
Q

Methods for data collection for positivist (quantitative) vs constructivist (qualitative)

A

Positivist - deductive, quantifiable and generalizable

Constructivist - inductive, narratives, in-depth understanding of certain groups

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5
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

An approach that seeks to elucidate an in-depth understanding or exploration of a phenomenon of interest

Relying on non-numerical data points (eg. narratives, observations, reflections, and photos) to explain processes or patterns of human behaviours that may otherwise be difficult to quantify

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6
Q

What is the purpose of qualitative research?

A
  • Develop in-depth understanding and/or connections between constructs/concepts (eg. to build or explain a theory)
  • Explore unique experiences of a certain phenomenon or circumstances
  • Understand how a particular intervention has influenced or impacted an individual
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7
Q

Qualitative study designs - descriptive

A

A common technique in nursing and healthcare to describe,
explore, understand, summarize a phenomenon of interest

Advantages: Flexible, simple, and be applied in many contexts

Disadvantages: Lack scientific rigor / qualitative position

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8
Q

Qualitative study designs - phenomenology

A

Describing lived experiences → but what are lived experiences?
Schutz (1960) → lived experience is how
an individual perceives or experience
the world of everyday life through his or
her interactions with objects, persons,
and events
Purpose: Using interviews to
understand an individual’s lived
experience (e.g., living with COVID-19)

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9
Q

Qualitative study designs - ethnography

A

A work that describes culture → researchers spend an extended
duration immersed within the culture
* Living with the participants
* Observing their behaviours
within their natural environment
* Documenting using photos,
observations (field notes), and
interviews
Purpose: To define and/or study culture (e.g., understanding
caste system)

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10
Q

Qualitative study designs - grounded theory

A

Understanding social processes
with a goal of developing a theory
* Theory explains mechanisms
(What? Why? How?)
* Symbolic interactionist
approach → people behave and
interact → they interpret or give
meaning to certain symbols (e.g.,
dressing, communication)
* Purpose: Use interviews to
understand these processes →
make sense of how they interact
(if they do), and what happens
after

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11
Q

Qualitative study designs - participatory action research

A

A form of social research (group-based)
that involves people in a process of
change:

  • Researchers
  • Members of the community /
    organization of interest
    Example: Understand a community’s world view → what are the
    circumstances that led to this situation?
    Allow community members to feel empowered, less threatened
    and increase ownership of the problem and results
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12
Q

What are the common sampling strategies in qualitative research?

A

Non-probability:
Convenience sampling
Purposive sampling
Snowball sampling

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13
Q

What is convenience sampling?

A

Selecting participants based on
convenience (e.g., within existing
network)

  • Example: Evaluate effects of
    resilience programs
  • Benefits: Readily available, easy
    to access and collect, and cost
    effective
  • Drawbacks: Sampling bias, may
    not contribute meaningfully to your
    qualitative study
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14
Q

What is purposive sampling?

A

Selecting participants based on
certain characteristics (e.g., disease,
exposure, received certain training)
* Example: Explore participants’
perception of resilience training
* Benefits: Meaningful contribution to
the phenomenon of interest, in-depth
understanding
* Drawbacks: Difficult to find
participants

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15
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

Initial participants will help identify
or recruit future participants (e.g.,
cases that are not easy to locate)
* Example: Exploring patients with
HIV’s perception of resilience
* Benefits: Meaningful contribution to
the phenomenon of interest, in-depth
understanding
* Drawbacks: Difficult and slow
recruitment, reliance on initial
network

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16
Q

Rationale behind the sample size of qualitative studies

A

Qualitative studies often look at ‘depth’ of data and has a
relatively small sample size when compared to quantitative

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17
Q

Determine the sample size for qualitative studies

A

Strategy 1: Previous similar studies
* Provide an approximate number →
ethics application or study protocol

Strategy 2: Obtaining data saturation
or information redundancy
* No new codes or ideas are emerging
from the data → may not be
necessary to continue data collection
* Can confirm saturation → adding 1-2
more interviews

18
Q

Qualitative data collection methods - interviews

A

Most common data collection tool to gather in-depth data
* Structured, semi-structured or unstructured interview guides
* Conducted face-to-face (either physically or virtually)
* Can be done individually or in groups (Focus group discussions)

  • Advantages: Able to clarify ideas, identify non-verbal cues (e.g., emotions)
  • Disadvantages: Time consuming, manpower intensive (transcribing),
    scheduling, challenging for new interviewers
19
Q

Qualitative data collection methods - instant messagin

A

Interviews that are done either synchronously
or asynchronously via communicative tools
such as Skype, Telegram
* Advantages: Easy to schedule, no need for
transcription, can maintain anonymity
* Disadvantages: Unable to obtain non-verbal
cue

20
Q

Qualitative data collection methods - surveys

A

Open-ended questions either physically or
virtually
* Advantages: Inexpensive and relatively
easier to administer
* Disadvantages: Unable to clarify with the
participants, or get quality data

21
Q

Qualitative data collection methods - field notes

A

Researcher records their emotions,
participants’ non-verbal expressions or
situations that they observe to complement
other research data (e.g., interview)

22
Q

Qualitative data collection methods - photos

A

Using photos or images
* Advantages: Allow participants to express
their perceptions about topics that may be
difficult to verbalize (e.g., depicting heaven)
* Disadvantages: Participants may not do
sufficient preparatory work (take photos) or
may send you copyright images

23
Q

Qualitative data collection methods - observations

A

Researcher spends time in the environment of
interest to observe and record their findings

24
Q

Qualitative data collection methods - open source

A

Forums, chatrooms

25
Q

Sensitivity of the topic in qualitative research

A

Conforming to societal norms?

E.g., Talking about suicide, death and dying can be challenging
* E.g., Topics relating to sexual orientation may be uncomfortable within
Singapore
* Possible strategies: Purposive sampling and snowball sampling to identify
suitable participants, using instant messaging may be helpful

26
Q

Participant involvement in qualitative research

A

Individual or group? Schedule?

E.g., Participants feel safe enough to provide their responses within a group
* E.g., Nurses often have shift work, they may not be able to commit to a
common group timing
* Possible strategies: Using individual virtual interviews may be helpful to
collecting their responses

27
Q

Types of data in qualitative research

A

Interviews? Observations?

Does interviewing lead to socially desirable responses?
* E.g., Do nurses count the respiratory rate when taking vital signs?
* Potential strategies: Covert observations, or instant messaging techniques
may allow participants to be more forthcoming

28
Q

Feasibility in qualitative research

A

What is available? Is it possible? Time frame?

  • E.g., I want to interview people who vape, but vaping is illegal in Singapore
  • E.g., I want to interview all PhD nursing students around the world
  • Potential strategies: Use instant messaging, or open-ended survey
    questions can be helpful
29
Q

Data analysis in qualitative research - overview

A

preparation -> preliminary coding -> developing codebook -> code all transcripts -> group all codes -> synthesise and create new coherent story

30
Q

Data analysis - inductive coding = data driven

A
  • “Bottom-up approach”
  • Codes and themes are
    developed based on
    the findings
  • Advantages:
    Generate new insights
  • Disadvantages:
    Reliance on researcher
    → biasness or
    subjectivity
  • Example: Thematic
    analysis
31
Q

Data analysis - deductive coding = analyst driven

A
  • ”Top-down approach”
  • A pre-set framework
    or theory is used to
    guide the analysis
  • Advantages: Easier
    to adopt for a new
    analyst
  • Disadvantages: Omit
    or ignore emerging
    insights of relevance
  • Examples: Content
    analysis or framework
    analysis
32
Q

Data analysis in qualitative research - thematic analysis steps

A

Step 1
* Reviewing all transcripts for verbatim accuracy
* Immersing in data by reading all transcripts

Step 2
* Generating initial codes (highlighting in different colours)
* Developing a code book

Step 3
* Grouping codes with similar meanings
* Searching for potential themes and subthemes

Step 4 and 5
* Reviewing and naming
themes and subthemes

Step 6
* Producing the report using
both visual and narratives -> subheaders for themes and including quotations

33
Q

Data analysis in qualitative research - framework analysis

A

Deductive analysis method
* Using a pre-determined theoretical framework or conceptual
framework to guide the data analysis
* Example: Exploring participants’ perception of a resilience
program

Research questions
* What were the participants’
experiences of the RISE program?
* What were the contextual factors?
* How did the RISE program impact
participants’ resilience?

Why framework analysis?
* Guided approach to draw out
specific information to support
the refinement of an intervention
* Understand the impacts of the
intervention

34
Q

Data analysis in qualitative research - content analysis

A

Example: You want to explore participants’ perception of the various
features in the resilience training
Unit of analysis: Individual interview transcripts
Categories: Features of the resilience program

35
Q

Trustworthiness strategies in qualitative research
(the criterion - the test)

A

truth value - credibility
applicability - transferability
consistency - dependability
neutrality - confirmability

36
Q

Explain:
Trustworthiness strategy - credibility

A

Confidence in the truth of the findings
* Ensure an accurate description or interpretations of human experience that individuals with similar experiences would recognize these descriptions

Eg:
* Prolonged engagement
* Member checking
* Interview technique
* Reflexivity journal
* More than one data analyst

37
Q

Explain:
Trustworthiness strategy - transferability

A

Extent to which a reader
can transfer the findings to
another similar situation or
context

Eg:
* Thick description of
the sample, setting,
and context

38
Q

Explain:
Trustworthiness strategy - dependability

A

Stability of the findings
across time
* Ensure that research can be
audited; variations can be
traced back to identifiable
sources

Eg:
* Dense description of
research methods
* Triangulation
* Peer examination
* Audit trail of
decision-making
process

39
Q

Explain:
Trustworthiness strategy - confirmability

A

Stability of the findings
across contexts and
population
* Neutrality of the data as
opposed to the researcher

Eg:
* Triangulation
* Reflexivity
* Peer debriefing

40
Q

What are the common guidelines for qualitative research?

A

Consolidated criteria for Reporting Qualitative research checklist (COREQ)

Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the synthesis of Qualitative research checklist (ENTREQ)

NUR3202C Research (12 decks)

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