Qualitative - 02 Flashcards
Interview details
Ð Could be structured – or semi-structured Ð Can vary the question order Ð Might not use all questions Ð Small samples (4-6) Ð Detailed responses Ð Can analyse qualitatively Ð Interviewer as co-author
REGULAR questionnaire details?
Ð Standardised Ð Question order important Ð Choices of response Ð Large samples Ð Analysed statistically Ð Interviewer as witness
what is a Semi structured Interview SSI
?
Ð Interview questions that can lead to open questions and fluctuations
SSI is Compatible with many data analysis techniques such as….
IPA discourse analysis
in SSI you gain
Ð follow the responses of the participant – as they will tell you what is significant to them - insight in to experience
Ð Gain detailed responses
Ð Probe with further questions
Ð Interviewer role important – directing talk topic
to conduct a SSI you need a
Need interview agenda - A few questions (7-10)
it requires Understanding what people mean regardless ….
of the way they said it
4 Types of questions you can ask: MNEMONIC FIRST
DESTRUCT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . descriptive / structural / contrast / evaluative
you want the questions to be… (6)
Ð Simple and unambiguous Ð Open (not closed yes/no) Ð Not many – you want the participants to talk of what is important to them Ð Probes – follow up Ð Vary the order Ð Ask for further thoughts at the end
issues with SSI
Issue: Need to be very aware of the contextual issues the researcher effects in interviews (interaction features, status as a conversation, the stake involved) – it is important to reflect on the meaning and experience for both involved – and take care not to assume the interviewees words are simple and direct reflections of their thoughts and feelings.
what is thematic analysis ?
Thematic analysis is a method for recognising and organising patterns in content and meaning in qualitative data. This process underpins both IPA and grounded theory.
thematic analysis is oriented to Systematically identify
THEMES, CATEGORIES & CODES within the data
after the initial coding one usually (3)
Ð ‘Flip-flop’ approach (returning to first data set to seek new themes)
Ð Cluster themes and codes the reach master themes.
Ð Cluster themes and codes the reach master themes based on communalities across individual descriptions
the thematic approach asks
What are the communalities across what people are saying?
a benefit of thematic analysis is that….
Not tied to a theoretical approach like IPA – just tool or skill – doesn’t commit the researcher to a particular epistemological orientation – gives flexibility
what are themes?
Themes are recurrent ideas or topics that can be detected in the material analysed
Examples of use ?
Examples of use: understanding peoples conceptions or way of thinking about social phenomena (the morality of genetics / infectious diseases such as AIDS / media representations of social issues)
6 steps involved?
1) Familiarise yourself with the data
2) Generate initial ‘codes’ or proto themes / code = initial label or category
3) Search for ‘themes’ – themes combine a number of codes to indicate overall meaning
4) Review themes
5) Define and name
6) Report the results
limitations of thematic analysis ?
Need to do a lot of conceptual work prior to study as thematic analysis is theoretically and epistemologically neutral. Need clear theoretical purpose to avoid ‘meaningless shopping list of themes’
what is IPA?
Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis
what is Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis
and why? (4)
Ð Attempts to understand EXPERIENCE from descriptions given by those who have had the experience
Ð Tries to makes sense of the meanings of the events/experiences to participants
Ð Explores their personal and social world using the meanings that exp/events hold for them
Ð “to explore in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world, and the main currency for an IPA study is the meanings particular experiences, events, states hold for participants.” (Smith & Osborn, 2000)
the key point for recruitment?
Ð participants are invited to take part precisely because they can offer the researcher some meaningful insight into the topic of the study ‘purposive sampling’
three components of IPA
Ð Phenomenological: concern with the way in which an individual makes sense of an event
Ð Interpretative: researcher tries to make sense of the participant making sense of…
Ð Idiographic: individual level
Phenomenology involves
a detailed examination of participants life-world
(2) Research exercise is a dynamic process with an active role for the researcher, the process is therefore …
Ð Two-stage interpretation process – connected to theories of interpretations (hermeneutics)
Ð Person as a cognitive, linguistic, affective, and physical being
why? what is analytic aim?(4)
Ð Learning something about the participant’s psychological world / beliefs, constructs identity etc
Ð MEANING is central to understanding content and complexity
Ð Investigator engages in interpretative relationship with the transcript
Ð Meaning is not on the surface or transparent – obtained through engagement and interpretation with the text.
