Qualitative - 02

Question 1

Interview details

Answer 1

Ð	Could be structured – or semi-structured 
Ð	Can vary the question order 
Ð	Might not use all questions 
Ð	Small samples (4-6)
Ð	Detailed responses
Ð	Can analyse qualitatively 
Ð	Interviewer as co-author

Question 2

REGULAR questionnaire details?

Answer 2

Ð	Standardised 
Ð	Question order important 
Ð	Choices of response 
Ð	Large samples
Ð	Analysed statistically 
Ð	Interviewer as witness

Question 3

what is a Semi structured Interview SSI

?

Answer 3

Ð Interview questions that can lead to open questions and fluctuations

Question 4

SSI is Compatible with many data analysis techniques such as….

Answer 4

IPA discourse analysis

Question 5

in SSI you gain

Answer 5

Ð follow the responses of the participant – as they will tell you what is significant to them - insight in to experience
Ð Gain detailed responses
Ð Probe with further questions
Ð Interviewer role important – directing talk topic

Question 6

to conduct a SSI you need a

Answer 6

Need interview agenda - A few questions (7-10)

Question 7

it requires Understanding what people mean regardless ….

Answer 7

of the way they said it

Question 8

4 Types of questions you can ask: MNEMONIC FIRST

Answer 8

DESTRUCT

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descriptive / structural / contrast / evaluative

Question 9

you want the questions to be… (6)

Answer 9

Ð	Simple and unambiguous 
Ð	Open (not closed yes/no)
Ð	Not many – you want the participants to talk of what is important to them
Ð	Probes – follow up 
Ð	Vary the order
Ð	Ask for further thoughts at the end

Question 10

issues with SSI

Answer 10

Issue: Need to be very aware of the contextual issues the researcher effects in interviews (interaction features, status as a conversation, the stake involved) – it is important to reflect on the meaning and experience for both involved – and take care not to assume the interviewees words are simple and direct reflections of their thoughts and feelings.

Question 11

what is thematic analysis ?

Answer 11

Thematic analysis is a method for recognising and organising patterns in content and meaning in qualitative data. This process underpins both IPA and grounded theory.

Question 12

thematic analysis is oriented to Systematically identify

Answer 12

THEMES, CATEGORIES & CODES within the data

Question 13

after the initial coding one usually (3)

Answer 13

Ð ‘Flip-flop’ approach (returning to first data set to seek new themes)
Ð Cluster themes and codes the reach master themes.

Ð Cluster themes and codes the reach master themes based on communalities across individual descriptions

Question 14

the thematic approach asks

Answer 14

What are the communalities across what people are saying?

Question 15

a benefit of thematic analysis is that….

Answer 15

Not tied to a theoretical approach like IPA – just tool or skill – doesn’t commit the researcher to a particular epistemological orientation – gives flexibility

Question 16

what are themes?

Answer 16

Themes are recurrent ideas or topics that can be detected in the material analysed

Question 17

Examples of use ?

Answer 17

Examples of use: understanding peoples conceptions or way of thinking about social phenomena (the morality of genetics / infectious diseases such as AIDS / media representations of social issues)

Question 18

6 steps involved?

Answer 18

1) Familiarise yourself with the data
2) Generate initial ‘codes’ or proto themes / code = initial label or category
3) Search for ‘themes’ – themes combine a number of codes to indicate overall meaning
4) Review themes
5) Define and name
6) Report the results

Question 19

limitations of thematic analysis ?

Answer 19

Need to do a lot of conceptual work prior to study as thematic analysis is theoretically and epistemologically neutral. Need clear theoretical purpose to avoid ‘meaningless shopping list of themes’

Question 20

what is IPA?

Answer 20

Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

Question 21

what is Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis

and why? (4)

Answer 21

Ð Attempts to understand EXPERIENCE from descriptions given by those who have had the experience
Ð Tries to makes sense of the meanings of the events/experiences to participants
Ð Explores their personal and social world using the meanings that exp/events hold for them
Ð “to explore in detail how participants are making sense of their personal and social world, and the main currency for an IPA study is the meanings particular experiences, events, states hold for participants.” (Smith & Osborn, 2000)

Question 22

the key point for recruitment?

Answer 22

Ð participants are invited to take part precisely because they can offer the researcher some meaningful insight into the topic of the study ‘purposive sampling’

Question 23

three components of IPA

Answer 23

Ð Phenomenological: concern with the way in which an individual makes sense of an event
Ð Interpretative: researcher tries to make sense of the participant making sense of…
Ð Idiographic: individual level

Question 24

Phenomenology involves

Answer 24

a detailed examination of participants life-world

Question 25

(2) Research exercise is a dynamic process with an active role for the researcher, the process is therefore …

Answer 25

Ð Two-stage interpretation process – connected to theories of interpretations (hermeneutics)
Ð Person as a cognitive, linguistic, affective, and physical being

Question 26

why? what is analytic aim?(4)

Answer 26

Ð Learning something about the participant’s psychological world / beliefs, constructs identity etc

Ð MEANING is central to understanding content and complexity
Ð Investigator engages in interpretative relationship with the transcript
Ð Meaning is not on the surface or transparent – obtained through engagement and interpretation with the text.