Qs from lecture notes Flashcards
Ca: Palpable feautures in scapula
-Cranial and caudal margin
-Spina scapula
-Acromion
(sometimes supra/infra glenoidal proc.)
Ca: Palpable feautures in humerus
- Greater tubercle (most cran)
- Medial/lateral epicondyle
- Tuberositas deltoidea (lat)
- Humeral crest (lat)
Ca: Palpable feautures in radius
- Tuberositas radii
- Styloid process
- Planum cutaneum (med)
Ca: Palpable feautures in ulna
- Proc. anconeus
- Tuber olecranii
- Olecranii
Ca: Palpable feautures in pelvis
- Tuber sacrale
- Tuber coxae
- Tuber ischiadicum
Ca: Palpable feautures in femur
- Greater trochanter
- Trochlea
- Patella
- Versallian sesamoid bones (med/lat)
- Condyles
Ca: Palpable feautures in tibia
- Tuberositas tibiae
- Planum cutaneum (med)
- Tibial crest
Ca: Palpable feautures in fibula
- Fibular head
- Sharp margin
Ca: Injection point: elbow
3 injection points:
- Bw. humerus + radius
(lig. collat. bw) - Bw. humerus + ulna
- In fossa intercondylaris-45 degrees (fossa olecranii)
Ca: Injection point: shoulder
- Next to m.infraspinatus
- In rec.bicipitalis
Ca: Injection point: carpus
- Bw. radius and prox. carpal row: 2 injections x on each side of ECR
- Bw. prox and dist C row, lat. to ECR
Ca: Injection point: hip joint
- Bw. pelvis and femur
- Find trochanter majus and feel the hipjoint articulation
- Go 2-4 cm to the side and 2-4 up/down
Ca: Injection point: stifle joint
- Make a cross bw. insertion and origin of patellar lig and collat lig -> in the midle at the cross is the injection
- Above meniscus and behind long dig ext tendon
Ca: Injection point/venipuncture: hindleg
V.saphena r.cau/r.cran
Ca: Injection point: vertebrae
- 10-20 ml to tail, genitals
- 30-40 ml to ischiadic n. block
- 60-70 ml to navel, abdominal
Ca: Spatium interarcuale
- Atlantooccipitale: occ-C1
- Atlantoaxilare: C1-C2
- Lumbosacrale: L7/6-S2 S3
Conus terminalis in Bo/Eq/Ca/Fe
Bo: S2
Eq: S1S2
Ca: L7
Fe: S3-Cau1
Epidural in Bo/Eq/Ca/Fe
Bo: S5-C1
Eq: S5-C1
Ca: L7-S1
Fe: C1-C2 / C2-C3
Ca: Palpable feautures in the head
- Zygomatic arch
- Proc. angularis
- Orbit with lig. orbitale in dogs
- Outstanding wall at for. infraorbitale
Ca: Not palpable feautures in the head
-The temporal covers the temporal fossa, masseter nerve, masseter fossa and the major part of proc. angularis
Ca: Injection point: orbit
3 x insertions (dors, lat, vent)
-The aim is the temporomandibular joint
Ca: Nerveblock: Infraorbital n.
- (V2)
1. Distal/peripheral: upper lip
2. Prox/central in the canal: gingiva, teeth, all
3. To block hardpalate and upper teeth
Ca: Nerveblock: Mandibular n. (V3)
- N.alveolaris inferior (alveomandibular): blocks teeth and terminal branches - On the medial side, 1-2 cm up/down (Eq: 10 cm)
- N.lingualis: blocks 2/3 rostral of tongue, N.mylohyoideus, chorda tympani - Rostral direction
Ca: Nerveblock: Mental n.
- Behind canine teeth, either in front of canal or inside
- Lower lip and teeth
Ca: Palpable lymphnodes
- Ln. mandibularis: on either side of V.lingualis
- Ln. retropharyngeus med: ventral to C1
- Ln. cervicalis supf: bw. m.cleidocephalicus and m.omotrans.
Ca: Palpable salivary glands
- Parotid gl.: strong capsule
- Mandibular gl.
- Monostomatic sublingual gl.
Cardiac dullness in Eq / Ca / Bo
Sp: Tr.P - Ao - LAV - RAV
Eq: 3 (D3) - 4 (5cm under sh.) - 4-5 - 3-4 (D3)
Ca: 3 (above sternum) - 4 (below sh.) - 5 (D3) - 4 (D/3)
Bo: 2-3 - 3-4 (2cm below sh.) - 4 (D3) - 3 (D3)
Absolute dullness in Eq / Ca / Bo
Eq: LAV; 3-5ic, RAV; 4-5ic
Ca: LAV; 4-6ic, RAV; 4-5ic
Bo: LAV; 3-4ic, RAV; not present
Ca: Palpation of: Margo acutus
- Extend past last rib.
- Palpable from viscera or bw. diaphragm and liver
- Found in the ventral third of the abdomen of the right side at the xiphoid process (in contact w. R.abd.wall)
Ca: Location of stomach
Transverse axis, behind liver, under costal arch and in front of navel. The size depends on fullness.
Ca: Location of kidneys
- Behind ribs, R is more cran.
- The normal size depends on the lumbar body size (2-5, 3-5 to L2), left kidney is more cau.
- Found in retroperitoneal space
Eq: Lameness inspection
- In the box: symmetri, swelling, temperature
- When moving: Hard/soft ground, line/circle, incline/decline
Eq: Types of lameness
- Supportive leg lameness (=painfull): joints, coll.ligg, shoing problem at hoof
- Swinging leg lameness (=painfull in movement): tendons (tendonsheets/bursa), muscles, nerves
Eq: Palpable structures of FL
Scapula: -Cartilage scapulae -Spina scapulae Humerus: -Tuber majus (pars cran/cau) -Tuberositas deltoidea -Crista epicondylus lat. -Dist. margin of epicondylus lat. on humerus Radius: -Planum cutaneum Ulna: -Tuber olecranii -Proc. styloideus lat/med Carpal bones + prox/dist ses.bones Metacarpal bones Hoof
Eq: injections: coffin joint
Two ways:
- Palmar aspect (better): recess is located prox. to the dist. sesamoid, dist. to lat. splintbone, bw. MC3 and Lig.suspensory. Easier when horse stand=capsule extended.
- Dorsal aspect: needle is inserted under the lat aspect of EDC, prox. to the joint.
Eq: injections: pastern joint
Two ways:
- Palmar: Needle is inserted prox. to transverse prominence of Ph2, under DDF tendon
- Dorsal: Needle is inserted lat. to CDE, 1.5cm below the lat. eminence of distal aspect of Ph1
Eq: carpal joint palpation
When carpal joint is flexed, then radiocarpal and intercarpal joint can be palpated medial to ECR tendon.
Eq injections: carpal joint
- Radiocarpal: on palmar aspect, the needle is inserted about 2 cm distal to the V created by ECU and EDL.
- Intercarpal: the capsule joint is found about 3cm distal to the radiocarpal joint on the palmar lat. surface
Eq injections: elbow joint
Two options:
- Needle is inserted cran. to lat. collat. lig.
- Needle is inserted bw. lat. epicondyle and olecranon
Eq injections: shoulder joint
Two options:
- Needle is inserted in a caudodorsal direction bw the cran and cau portion of the greater tubercle (cran to thendon of m.infraspinatus)
- Needle is inserted in a craniodorsal direction, 6cm distal and 9cm caudal to the cranial portion of greater tubercle.
Eq: What does the collateral lig. of elbow joint connect?
It connects the lat. epicondyle of the humerus to the lat. tuberosity of radius.
Eq: Ligaments of distal FL
- Lat.collat.lig. (fetlock)
- (pastern)
- (coffin)
- Chondrocompedal lig.
- Chondrocoronal lig.
- Chondroungular lig.
- Collateral sesamoid lig.
- Oblique sesamoid lig.
- Straight sesamoid lig.
- Suspensory lig. (M.interosseus)
- Palmar lig.
- Lateral sesamoid collateral lig.
Eq: articulations of carpus
- Art. antebrachiocarpea: Radius+ulna->prox. carpal row
- Art. metacarpea: distal and proximal carpal bones
- . Art. intercarpea: bw. individual carpal bones
- Art.carpometacarpea: dist. carpal bones and metacarpal bones
Eq: N.tibialis nerve block
-Found medially bw. DDF and SDF
N.tibialis divides into med+lat, and lat.->N.metatarsea lat.
Eq: N.fibularis nerve block
-Laterally, 15cm dist. to stifle.
-Nerve is felt in the groove bw. lat/long dig.ext
-Go 2-3cm deeper to block N.fibularis
(N.fibularis divides into supf. and deep, deep->N.metatarsea dors. lat/med)
Eq: injections: Tarsus
- Tibiotarsal/tibiocrural: cran -> med. Needle is inserted 4cm dist. to med.malleolus on the med/lat aspect of V.saphenous.
- Comm. w. prox. intertarsal - Distal intertarsal: into small gap bw. Tc and T3, 1.5cm dist. to the line bw. med. eminence of talus and med.eminence of Tc.
- Comm. w. tarsomt.joint, but never w. prox.intertarsal joint. - Tarsometatarsal: Use splintbone (Mt2) as landmark. Needle is inserted prox. to head of lat. splintbone (Mt4)
- Comm. w. dist. intertarsal in 30% of the horses
Eq: injections: stifle joint
Needle is inserted bw. med.pat.lig. and tendon of sartorius, or bw. med.pat.lig. and med.femorotibial lig., avoiding the sartorius tendon.
Eq: injections: stifle joint - lat. femorotibial sac
Needle is inserted bw. the lateral patellar lig. and M.ext.dig.longus. Just prox. to tibia.
Eq: injections: stifle joint - femoropatellar sac
(usually communicates w. the med.femorotibial sac)
Two options:
1.Cranial approach: needle is inserted 4cm prox. to tibial tuberosity, bw. middle and medial pat.ligg.
2.Lateral approach: needle is inserted 6cm above the tibial condyle, behind the caudal edge of lat.pat.lig.
Eq: Palpable feautures of the head
- Inc.nasoincisiva (proc.nasalis, margo interalveolaris)
- Nasal+frontal bones
- Orbit (infra/supraorbital margin)
- Crista facialis
- Arcus zygomaticus
- Art.temporomandibularis
- Ramus angularis mandibularis
- Margo ventralis mandibularis
- Inc. vasorum facialis
- Proc.lingualis (of hyoid bone, from vent.)
- Lymphocenter mandibularis
Eq: N.infraorbitalis nerve block
- For.infraorbitalis
- Rost. end of crista facialis to inc.nasoincisiva
- 1/2 distance bw. there -> 2-5cm in direction of orbit
Eq: N.mentalis nerve block
- For.mentale
- Only one, take 1/2 of interalveolar margin - 1cm vent. to it
Eq: N.mandibularis nerve block
- From med. apspect (12-15cm) in the vascular groove
- Temporomandibular joint 1/2 distance
Eq: N.lingualis and N.hypoglossus nerve block
-Rost. end of proc.lingualis (of hyoid bone)
Inj:
1- in the middle (lingual)
2- pointing to lateral(hypog)
Eq: N.buccalis nerve block
-Can feel it on masseter surface
Eq: points of pulse taking
- A.facialis
- A.transversa faciei (// to crista facialis)
- A.auricularis cau.
Eq: describe the sinus system
- All paranasal sinuses comm. w. meatus nasalis medialis
- Rost/cau maxillary sinus opens directly to nasal cavity
- Conchofrontal and sphenoid opens into cau.max.sinus
Ca: describe the sinus system
- Maxillary sinus comm. w. meatus nasalis medialis
- Frontal and sphenoid comm. w. ethmoidal
Ru: describe the sinus system
- Lacrimal comm. w. maxillary
- Maxillary comm. w. palatine = apertura maxillopalatina
- Lacrimal, max. and palatine comm. w. meatus nasalis med.
- Frontal, sphenoid and conchal comm. w. ethmoidal
Eq: injections: Gutteral pouch
-Diverticulum tubae auditivae
Two approaches:
1. Viborg’s triangle: the region where head and neck meet. Bordered by ramus mandibulae, v. linguofacialis and
tendon of sternomandibularis. The tube can be drained by open surgery or by tubing via the pharyngotubal openings.
Covering all these structures is the parotid gland, it should be reflected caudally.
2. Via Hyovertebrotomy: bw the hyoid bone and wing of atlas. The parotid should be reflected cranially.
Eq: What is roaring?
- If the glottis can’t be opened properly, the incoming air produces a roaring sound.
- If n.laryngeus recurrens is damaged, the m. it innervates (m. cricoarytenoideus dorsalis) doesnt open glottis properly. Usually the left vocal cord doesnt function (the nerve goes around the aortic arch). The fold should be fixed to the side. Eq: enter from the inc, thyroidea caud; in dog from dorsal side of the larynx.
Eq: colon
- Ascending (large colon):
1. R.vent (cran) -> sternal flexure (left)
2. L.vent (cau) -> pelvic flexure (dors)
3. L.dors (cran) -> diaphragmatic flexure (right)
4. R.dors (cau) -> Ampulla coli - Transverse
- Descending
Eq: what is colic?
Abdominal pain, which is very common and dangerous in equine
Eq: sites for colic
- Ampulla coli: right dors. part of asc.colon, before transv.
- Pelvic flexure: bw. L vent. and L dors. colon - Ø fixed
- Desc. colon
- Caecum: impaired -> gas!
- Jejunum
- Stomach: very small in horses (saccus saecus+angle at esophagus entrance)
Eq: rectal examination
- Pelvic inlet
- Aorta + cran/cau mesenteric artery
- Spleen (left side) + lig.renolienalis
- Pelvic flexure of colon (left middle)
- Caecum (right side, caudoventral)
- Ileum (right + left)
- Kidney: lig.hepatorenale (liver->R.kidney)
