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MMC2450 > Q1 Data Logic > Flashcards

Q1 Data Logic Flashcards

1
Q

If 3 people can paint 3 fences in 3 hours, how long would it take 1 person to paint 1 fence?

A

3 hours

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2
Q

If cold water alone fills the tub in 30 minutes, and hot water alone fills the tub in 1 hour, how long does it take to fill the tub if both cold and hot water are turned on?

A

60 minutes divided by 3 tubs = 20 minutes

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3
Q

Belief

A
  • A firmly held conviction
  • Not false, but not evidence
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4
Q

Evidence

A
  • Facts or information that support a statement
  • Do not include beliefs
  • Support may or may not be proof
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5
Q

Proof

A

Implies truth or certainty

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6
Q

Do you believe crime has increased or decreased?

A

Most Americans say crime has INCREASED, even though evidence shows it has DECREASED, because this belief has been reinforced through politicians or news programs

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7
Q

Is the data about “rate of reported violent crime per 100,000 US residents” proof?

A

No, because not all crime is reported

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8
Q

Why is there a gap between belief and evidence?

A

Belief can be more powerful than facts, and when we trust beliefs more than evidence, we can misinterpret data

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9
Q

Confirmation bias

A

Selecting or interpreting evidence in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs

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10
Q

Hypothesis

A

A testable proposition or an educated guess

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11
Q

Theory

A
  • An overarching explanation, a system of ideas
  • Often misused as “guesses”
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12
Q

Are movie “theories” really theories?

A

No, they are hypotheses

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13
Q

Is the “Big Bang Theory” really a theory?

A

Yes, because it is an overarching explanation for the origins of the universe

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14
Q

How do scientists utilize theories?

A
  • They use theory to develop a hypothesis which can be tested with data
  • It is NOT a guess
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15
Q

Should theories be dismissed because they are “unproven”?

A
  • No, because every theory is unproven
  • If they were proven, they would be a law
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16
Q

Can theories be disproven?

A

Yes, for example, the mass society theory

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17
Q

Can theories be supported, but not proven?

A

Yes, for example, social learning

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18
Q

Can a hypothesis or theory be proven true?

A

No, neither can be proven true, only supported or rejected

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19
Q

Error

A
  • Uncertainty that occurs naturally
  • It is a limitation, not a mistake
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20
Q

Sampling error

A

The expected variance between a population and a representative sample

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21
Q

Sample

A

Subset of a population

22
Q

Representative sample

A
  • Closely reflects a population
  • Leaves room for uncertainty or sampling error
  • Best obtained at random
23
Q

Non-representative sample

A
  • Self-selected groups or clubs
  • Can be useful, but not intended to represent a population
24
Q

Population

A

Everyone or everything

25
Q

Which is more important? Freedom to pursue life’s goals without state interference, or the state ensures no one is in need?
No one is in need: 35%
Freedom: 58%
Sampling error: + or - 4 percentage points

A
  • True measure of public opinion for “No one is in need” was somewhere between 31% and 39%
  • True measure of public opinion for “Freedom” was somewhere between 54% and 62%
  • Limitation is that exact numbers are unknown
  • Public’s opinion is within these ranges
26
Q

Two types of crime

A
  • Property crime (burglary, theft)
  • Violent crime (robbery, homicide)
  • The combination of both: Total crime
27
Q

How are the types of crime misinterpreted by politcians?

A

They will say “crime” as a general statement, when they just mean one category of crime, such as homicide

28
Q

How are income and wealth different?

A
  • Income: money you earn, like pay from a job
  • Wealth: stuff you own, like a car or computer
29
Q

How do politicians misinterpret income and wealth?

A
  • They will say wealth is “too concentrated” and we must “raise income taxes”
  • Even though they know income is not the same as wealth
30
Q

How is the role of human involvement evident in the term “unemployment”?

A
  • The government divides the total unemployed by the labor force
  • The labor force includes the employed and unemployed, and excludes full-time parents
  • Unemployed includes those without a job AND are actively looking, and excludes those who are discourages and have been inactive > 4 weeks, and the underemployed
31
Q

How is “middle class” a vague definition?

A
  • Lacks a common definition
  • Less of a measurement than an ideal
  • Data cannot be compared fairly
32
Q

How is “autism” a changing definition?

A
  • Autism increasing throughout the years is not due to an “epidemic,” but due to an increase in awareness
  • The definition has loosened and more conditions have been added, so more people are being diagnosed
33
Q

Why do movie ratings differ so much on IMDb compared to Rotten Tomatoes?

A
  • IMDb shows ratings from registered users on their website
  • Rotten Tomatoes shows ratings from movie critics
34
Q

Why did UF Black student enrollment drop after 2010?

A

Added new category in 2010 when choosing what race you are, so some Black people who would have chosen “Black” previously chose the new category “Two or more races”

35
Q

Why did Belgium have such a high COVID-19 fatality rate at the start of the pandemic?

A

Chose to count all suspected deaths while no other country did

36
Q

Source types

A
  • Sample
  • Observation
  • Self-report
  • Estimation
37
Q

You need to know the origin of what type of source?

A

Samples

38
Q

Why was the report of infection rates at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic unreliable?

A
  • Only counted those tested
  • People were only tested early on if they had serious symptoms, so they all were really sick
  • Was not random or representative
39
Q

Why are reviews on Yelp, TripAdvisor, or Rate My Professors unreliable?

A

Not representative because reviews usually come from those extremely pleased or extremely unhappy

40
Q

Observation

A

As a data source, observation is a systematic measurement, often in natural settings

41
Q

How do volunteers use observation to monitor avian health?

A
  • They count and categorize all birds in specific areas
  • Careful and systematic
42
Q

How does the annual homeless count use observation?

A
  • Conducted one day each January
  • Volunteers count every person for a census, with a shelter, and without a shelter
  • Careful and systematic
43
Q

Self-report data

A

Originate with individuals and cannot be measured independently

44
Q

Estimation

A
  • Derived from informal guesses of inherently unmeasurable phenomena
  • Does NOT mean a rough guess
45
Q

How is UF’s estimation of its impact on the state economy at $16 billion an estimation?

A
  • It is precise, but an estimate
  • Based on informed guesses
  • Economic impact of US is unknowable
46
Q

Ex. Walmart last year had a net profit of $15 million on sales of $534 million. Is that a lot?

A
  • UF spends $3 billion annually
  • If UF alone spends that much, then the biggest store on the planet should probably be spending more
  • The “millions” should be BILLIONS
47
Q

Florida has about 21 million people. Is that a lot?

A
  • Florida ranks third in population behind Texas and California
  • It is the third largest state
48
Q

About 35 million Americans have flu symptoms each year. Is that a lot?

A
  • Compare with total population of people in the US: 330 million
  • Roughly 35 million figure means about 1 in every 10 Americans
  • World population: 7.6 billion
  • 7.6 billion means 1 in every 25 global citizens lives in the US
  • US population ranks third
49
Q

If an ATM was spitting out $100 a second, how long would it take to get to $1 million?

A

3 hours

50
Q

If an ATM was spitting out $100 a second, how long would it take to get to $1 billion?

A

116 days, or almost 4 months

51
Q

If an ATM was spitting out $100 a second, how long would it take to get to $145 billion?

A

46 years

52
Q

How much would an ATM have to spit out every second to pay the government’s annual bill of $4.7 trillion?

A

Almost $150,000 per second

MMC2450 (12 decks)

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