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Q-based Flashcards

1
Q

Where is DA made?

A
  • Ventral Tegmental Area

- Substantia Nigra

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2
Q

What things are caused by VTA destruction:

  • Hypervigilance
  • Depression
  • Mania
  • ADHD
  • Anxiety
  • Parkinsonian movements
  • Psychosis
A

Low DA –>

  • Depression
  • ADHD
  • Parkinsonian movements
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3
Q

What things are caused by DA excess:

  • Hypervigilance
  • Depression
  • Mania
  • ADHD
  • Anxiety
  • Parkinsonian movements
  • Psychosis
A
  • Hypervigilance
  • Mania
  • Anxiety
  • Psychosis
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4
Q

How and on what does Reserpine work?

A
  • Inhibits VMAT transport

- Sequesters NE

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5
Q

What things caused by low NE:

  • Insomnia
  • Depression
  • ADHD
  • Anxiety
  • Fatigue
  • Agitation
  • Mania
A
  • Depression
  • ADHD
  • Fatigue
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6
Q

What things caused by high NE:

  • Insomnia
  • Depression
  • ADHD
  • Anxiety
  • Fatigue
  • Agitation
  • Mania
A
  • Mania
  • Agitation
  • Anxiety
  • Insomnia
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7
Q

What’s the only drug approved to treat Huntington’s Chorea?

A

Tetrabenazine

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8
Q

What is Baclofen used for?

A

Treat spasticity associated w/ ALS

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9
Q

What is the only drug that can improve QOL and lifespan of ALS patients?

A

Riluzole

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10
Q

What class of drug is Buproprion?

A

NDRI Antidepressant

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11
Q

In a COPD patient w/ Glaucoma, what are 1st line drugs?

What class?

A

COPD = no Beta Blockers

Latanoprast, Travoprost, Bimatoprost, Unoprostone isopryl

Prostaglandin analogs

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12
Q

Blocking what receptor stops Psychosis?

A

D2

Mechanism of antipsychotics

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13
Q

What class of drug is Tropicamide?

A

Parasympathetic antagonist

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14
Q

What eye muscle is affected in Horner’s Sydrome?

A

Superior palpebral muscle of Muller

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15
Q

What class of drug is Pilocarpine?

A

Muscarinic agonist

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16
Q

What is the use and mechanism of Beta Blockers in Opthalmology?
What drugs?

A

For Glaucoma
decrease aqueous humor production at ciliary epithelium

Timolol, Betaxolol

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17
Q

Prostaglandin analog mechanism for treating Glaucoma

A

Increase uveoscleral outflow

little side effect!

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18
Q

How do you separate 1st, 2nd, or 3rd order Horner’s Syndrome?

A

Paredine (hydroxyamphetamine) –> NE release

No pupil response –> 3rd order lesion (benign)

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19
Q

Which is left and right?

OD, OS

A

Left: OS
Right: OD

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20
Q

What is the most common type of primary headache?

A

Tension-type

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21
Q

Definition of a migraine aura:

A

Focal neurological deficit for >4min but

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22
Q

What drug combo can cause Serotonin Syndrome?

A

MAOI + SSRI

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23
Q

Mechanism of action for local anesthetics:

A

Na+ channel block

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24
Q

Haloperidol is a ___ antipsychotic that is most likely to cause ___ and ___ side effects

A

Typical

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) 
Tardive Dyskinesia (TD)
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25
What drug interactions can cause a Hypertensive Crisis?
MAOI + Releasers(Tyramine)/TCAs/a1 agonists/Levodopa
26
What are the 3 structural parts of a local anesthetic:
1. Aromatic ring 2. Intermediate linkage 3. Terminal amine
27
What are the hallmark side effects of Na+ Channel Blockers?
Dizzy, Drunk, Double vision
28
Why can't you give a pregnant woman with epilepsy Valproic Acid?
-Teratogenic 4-8%
29
Match the neurotransmitters with related genes in terms of ADHD: - Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin - DRD4/DRD5/COMT/5HTPPLR/DAT
- DA---DRD4, DRD5, COMT - NE---COMT - Serotonin---5HTPPLR
30
Autoinduction and heteroinduction is associated with what Anti-epileptic drug?
Carbamazepine | -Na+ channel blocker
31
How can serotonin abnormality cause Anxiety and Depression?
Low serotonin circuit activity --> hyperfunctioning limbic pathway
32
Patient is sad, weepy, suicida, worried, and ruminating. What gene is most likely mutated? A. DAT B. Tyrosine hydroxylase C. 5HTPLLR
C. 5HTPLLR | Serotonin associated with high negative affect
33
What are the Cluster A personality disorders?
Psychotic-like: - Paranoid - Schizoid - Schizotypal
34
What are the Cluster B personality disorders?
Dreaded, behavioral : - Antisocial - Histrionic - Narcissistic - Borderline
35
What are the Cluster C personality disorders?
Anxious: - Avoidant - Dependent - Obsessive-compusltive
36
Difference between homeopathy and naturopathy
Homeopathy: stimulate body's self-healing response Naturopathy: noninvasive treatments
37
What are 3 CAM treatment that have effectiveness treating depression?
L-methylfolate S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) St. John's Wort
38
What is the rate of placebo effect in EVERYTHING done in psychiatry?
40%
39
What CAM treatment has very good evidence in treating seasonal depression?`
Light therapy
40
What's the difference between Schizoid and Schizotypal PD?
Schizoid: trouble relating, have no interest in interactions Schizotypal: oddities in behavior and thoughts
41
What is an age related requirement for Antisocial PD?
Evidence of a Conduct Disorder with onset before age 15 That leads to pervasive pattern of disregard for or violation of rights of others after age 15
42
What characterizes Borderline PD?
Pervasive Instability: of relationships, self-image, behaviors, and affects 5+/9 Symptoms needed
43
Which PD are more prevalent in women? | In men?
Women: paranoid, avoidant, dependent Men: antisocial
44
Psychopharmacolgy can treat what PDs?
Cluster B: Antisocial, narcissistic, histrionic, borderline Avoidant (Cluster C)
45
Psychotherapy works for which one Cluster B PD?
Borderline PD only | -3 psychodynamic and 2 cognitive behavioral models
46
What is Psychomotor retardation?
Depression causes patient to feel and act slowed down
47
Criteria for Mania vs Hypomania
Mania: 3+/7 symptoms for 7+ days of expansive mood Hypomania: 3+/7 symptoms for 4+ days
48
What is the difference between Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2?
Bipolar 1: Mania + MDE Bipolar 2: Hypomania + MDE
49
What is a requirement/not a requirement for Bipolar 1 and 2?
Must have: Mania or hypomania Does not need: Depression
50
What is the criteria for Cyclothymia?
Minor depression + 2+ years of hypomania
51
What is Kindling Hypothesis?
Related to Bipolar - Too much neuronal limbic firing - Once you get mania, you get more
52
Gender differences in Bipolar
Bipolar 1: men = women | Bipolar 2: women > men
53
How do Atypical Antipsychotics treat Bipolar?
- D2 receptor block--treats Mania | - 5HT2a receptor block--terats depression
54
Drugs for treating Bipolar 1:
Lithium, Divalproex, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine, atypical antipsychotics
55
Developmental milestones: ``` Finality of death by ___ Gender identify by ___ Social smile at ___ Morality by ___ Body image by ___ Stranger anxiety at ___ Universality of death by ___ Separation anxiety by ___ ```
``` Finality of death: 6 year Gender identify: 3 year Social smile: 12 week Morality: 12 years Body image: 15 years Stranger anxiety: 9 months Universality of death: 9 years Separation anxiety: by 1 year ```
56
Autism Spectrum disorder is seen before age ___
3 years
57
2 Most common genetic factors causing Mental retardation:
Down Syndrome and Fragile X Syndrome
58
Age of onset for: Tourette's Disorder: Separation Anxiety: Selctive Mutism:
Tourette's Disorder: before 18 Separation Anxiety: 7 years Selctive Mutism: 6 years
59
5 Stages of dying are:
``` Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance ```
60
What is the hallmark symptom of Schizophrenia and what can it present as?
Psychosis: impairment in reality testing 1. Hallucinations 2. Delusions 3. Disorganized or catotonic behavior 4. Negative symptoms 5. Disorganized speech
61
Symptom and Duration Criteria for Schizophrenia:
2+ symptoms during 1+ month periods that persists for 6 months
62
What class of drugs and mechanism that causes NMS and TD?
Antipsychotics Excessive D2 receptor blockade
63
Neurotransmitter abnormalities in Schizophrenia:
All high: DA, Glutamate, Serotonin, NE
64
DSM 5 Criteria for ADHD:
- 6+ symptoms for 6+ months - Start before age 12 - Multiple settings
65
ADHD neurologic change/fMRI finding:
hypOactive Anterior Cingulate
66
SIG E CAPS
``` Sleep disturbance Interest/pleasure reduction Guilt, worthlessness Energy loss, fatigue Concentration/attention impairment Appetite changes Psychomotor symptoms Suicide Ideation ```
67
What 3 Genes are associated with early onset AD
- APP - Presenilin 1 - Presenilin 2 All autosomal dominant
68
3 Types of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD):
- Tau - TDP - FUS
69
Knife-edge gross examination of brain suggests:
Tau form of Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD)
70
Tau associated diseases:
- Alzheimer's - FTLD - Parkinson's - PSP - CBD
71
Histological findings in PSP:
- Globose tangle | - Tufted astrocyte
72
What are Lewy Bodies made of?
Alpha-synuclein

MQW U3 (11 decks)

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