Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology > pyschopathology > Flashcards

pyschopathology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is statistical infrequency?

A

statistical infrequency occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic for example being more depressed or less intelligent than most of the population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are deviations from social norms?

A

concerns behaviour that is different from the accepted standards of behaviour in a community or society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

example of statistical infrequency?

A

The average IQ is set at 100 in normal distribution most people (68%) have a score that range in 85-115 only 2% people have a score below 70 those who are scoring below 70 are very unusual or ‘abnormal’ and are liable to receive a diagnosis of intellectual disability disorder IDD ad as what used to known as mental retardation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is an example of deviation from social norms?

A

social norms are different within each generation and every cultures’ there are relatively few behaviours that would be universally considered abnormal.

eg. in some cultures homosexuality was seen as abnormal in the past and seems to continue like that in other cultures.
Brunei introduced new laws 2019 that make sex between men an offence punishable by stoning to death.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is antisocial personality disorder?

A

is an impulsive, aggressive and irresponsible disorder one main symptom is an absence of prosocial internal standards associated with failure to conform to lawful and culturally normative ethical behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is failure to function adequately?

A

occurs when someone is unable to cope with ordinary demands of day to day living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are deviations from ideal mental health

A

occurs when someone dos not meet a set of criteria for good mental health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are THE ideal mental health factors?

A

Jahoda 1958
we have no symptoms or distress
we are rational and can perceive ourselves accurately
we self actualise
we can cope with stress
we have a realistic view of the world
we have good self esteem and lack of guilt
we are independent of other people
we can successfully work love and enjoy our leisure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a phobia?

A

an irrational fear of an object or a situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is behavioural?

A

ways in which people act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is emotional?

A

related to a persons feelings or mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is cognitive?

A

referrers to the process of knowing including thinking, reasoning , remembering and believing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the different categorise of a phobia?

A

specific phobia
social anxiety
agoraphobia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of a phobia?

A

panic
avoidance
endurance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of a phobia?

A

anxiety
fear
emotional response is unreasonable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of phobias

A

selective attention to the phobic stimulus
irrational beliefs
cognitive distortions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is depression?

A

a mental disorder characterised by low mood and low energy levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the different categories’ of depression?

A

major depressive disorder
persistent depressive disorder
disruptive depressive disorder
premenstrual dysmorphic disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A

activity levels
disruption to sleep and eating behaviour
aggression and self harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

emotional characteristics of depression?

A

lowered mood
anger
lowered self esteem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of depression?

A

poor concentration
attending to and dwelling on the negative
absolutist thinking

22
Q

what is OCD

A

a condition characterised by obsessions and or compulsive behaviour. obsessions are cognitive whereas compulsions are behavioural.

23
Q

what are the different categories of OCD

A

OCD
trichotillomania
hoarding disorder
excoriation disorder

24
Q

what are the behavioural characteristics of OCD

A

OCD obsessions are repeated, persistent and unwanted thoughts, urges or images that are intrusive and cause distress or anxiety. You might try to ignore them or get rid of them by performing a compulsive behavior or ritual. These obsessions typically intrude when you’re trying to think of or do other things.
C are repetitive
C reduce anxiety
avoidance

25
Q

what are the emotional characteristics of OCD

A

anxiety and distress
accompanying depression
guilt and disgust

26
Q

what are the cognitive characteristics of OCD

A

obsessive thoughts -90% people with OCD have obsessive thoughts

cognitive copying strategy
insight into excessive anxiety

27
Q

what is the behavioural approach?

A

a way of explaining behaviour in the terms of what is observable and in the terms of learning.

28
Q

what is the two process model?

A

an explanation for the onset and persistent of disorders that create anxiety such as phobias the two processes are classical and operant conditioning.

29
Q

what is classical conditioning?

A

learning by association
Classical conditioning is a process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one. … The classical conditioning process involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus (such as the sound of a bell) with an unconditioned stimulus (the taste of food).

30
Q

what is operant conditioning ?

A

a form of learning which behaviour is shaped and maintained.conditioning in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus

31
Q

how does the two process model relate to phobias?

A

acquisition by CC

maintenance by OC

32
Q

what is systematic desensitisation?

A

‌Systematic desensitization therapy is a type of behavioral therapy used to treat anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), phobias, and a fear of things like snakes or spiders.
Establish anxiety stimulus hierarchy. …
Learn the mechanism response. …
Connect stimulus to the incompatible response or coping method by counter conditioning.

33
Q

what is flooding?

A

a technique in behavior therapy in which the individual is exposed directly to a maximum-intensity anxiety-producing situation or stimulus, either described or real, without any attempt made to lessen or avoid anxiety or fear during the exposure.

34
Q

what is the cognitive approach

A

The cognitive approach is focused on how our mental processes affect our behavior. It argues that internal mental processes (operations of the mind e.g. perception of memory that mediate between stimulus and response) should be studied scientifically

35
Q

what is becks negative triad?

A

1967- more vunerable to depression
The cognitive triad are three forms of negative (i.e. helpless and critical) thinking that are typical of individuals with depression: namely negative thoughts about the self, the world and the future. These thoughts tended to be automatic in depressed people as they occurred spontaneously.

36
Q

what is ellis ABC model?

A

Albert Ellis developed the ABC model to help us understand. the connection between adversity (A), our beliefs (B), and our emotional and behavioural responses (C). Sometimes our beliefs about a situation are not accurate, and our reactions. undermine resilient responses.
The first three steps analyze the process by which a person has developed irrational beliefs and may be recorded in a three-column table.

37
Q

what is cognitive behavioural therapy?

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of psychological treatment that has been demonstrated to be effective for a range of problems including depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol and drug use problems, marital problems, eating disorders, and severe mental illness.
In CBT sessions, you’ll work on identifying patterns and learning more about how they might negatively affect you. With your therapist’s guidance, you’ll explore ways to replace negative thought patterns or behaviors with ones that are more helpful and accurate.

38
Q

what are irrational thoughts ?

A

also called dysfunctional thoughts. in ellis model and therapy, these are defined as thoughts that are likely interfere with a persons happiness

39
Q

what is ellis’s ABCDE model?

A

rational emotive behaviour therapy
d dispute
e effect

40
Q

what is behavioural activation ?

A

Behavioral activation is designed to increase your contact with positively rewarding activities. 2 Particularly when you notice yourself feeling anxious or depressed, you should work on an activity. This teaches you that your behavior can affect your mood.

41
Q

what is the biological approach?

A

The biological approach believes behavior to be as a consequence of our genetics and physiology. It is the only approach in psychology that examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from a biological and thus physical point of view. Therefore, all that is psychological is first physiological.

42
Q

what are the genetic explanations?

A

Variations in certain genes that provide instructions for proteins that react to or transport serotonin have been associated with an increased risk of OCD. Variations in other genes involved in communication in the brain may also be associated with the condition.

43
Q

what are neural explanations?

A

Many investigators have contributed to the hypothesis that OCD involves dysfunction in a neuronal loop running from the orbital frontal cortex to the cingulate gyrus, striatum (caudate nucleus and putamen), globus pallidus, thalamus and back to the frontal cortex.

44
Q

what are candidate genes?

A

A candidate gene is a gene whose chromosomal location is associated with a particular disease or other phenotype. Because of its location, the gene is suspected of causing the disease or other phenotype

45
Q

why is OCD polygenic ?

A

OCD seems to be a polygenic condition, where a number of genes are involved in its development. Family and twin studies suggest the involvement of genetic factors. The prevalence of OCD in the random population (about 2–3%) is the baseline against which the concordance rates can be compared.

46
Q

what is the role of serotonin in OCD?

A

Researchers know that OCD is triggered by communication problems between the brain’s deeper structures and the front part of the brain. These parts of the brain primarily use serotonin to communicate. This is why increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain can help to alleviate OCD symptoms.

47
Q

how does ocd effect the decision making systems ?

A

Compared to healthy controls, individuals with OCD were less consistent in their choices and less able to identify options that should be clearly preferable. These abnormalities correlated with symptom severity. These results suggest that value-based choices during decision-making are abnormal in OCD

48
Q

what is drug therapy?

A

Treatment with any substance, other than food, that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition.

49
Q

what are ssris?

A

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are antidepressants that were developed in the 1980s and 1990s and work on effecting the use of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. SSRIs are called selective because they mainly affect serotonin, rather than any of neurotransmitters

50
Q

what are the different types of ssris?

A

SSRIs include fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva), sertraline (Zoloft), citalopram (Celexa) and escitalopram (Lexapro).

51
Q

what are alternatives to ssris?

A

Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). These medications function similarly to SSRIs, but also increase the level of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine in your brain. …
Bupropion. …
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs). …
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs).

psychology (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions