memory Flashcards
what is short term memory?
the limited capacity memory store. in STM coding is mainly accounting, capacity is between 5 and 9 items on average. duration is about 18 seconds
what is long term memory?
the permanent memory store in LTM coding is mainly semantic meaning it has unlimited capacity and can store memories for up to a lifetime
what is coding?
the format in which information is stored in various memory stores
what is capacity?
the maximum extent to which an individual is able to receive and retain information such as in mental or intellectual capacity, or to perform and Sign in A
what is duration?
Duration refers to how long a memory ‘trace’ (i.e. information about the past) can be held for, before it is forgotten.
who did research on coding?
Alan baddeley 1966 - gave a list of words to four groups.
G1 - accoustically similar
G2- accoustically dissimilar
G3- semantically similar
G4- semantically dissimilar
when recalling from STM they tended to do better with acoustically similar words. when recalling from LTM they did worse with semantically similar words.
coded accoustically in STM
coded semantically in LTM
what is research on capacity for STM?
joseph Jacobs 1887- stm
found out by measuring digit span the researcher read out four digits and the participant would read it back to them and so on until the participant could no longer read it back to them.
the average was 9.3 for digits
span for letters was 7.3
what is research on capacity for LTM ?
George Miller 1956 made observations of everyday practice. - noted that things come in 7’s - plus or minus two. - also noted that people can recall five words as easily as they can recall five letters - chunking
what is research on duration for STM?
Margaret + Lloyd Peterson -1959 - tested 24 participants on each the participant was given a consonant syllable to remember. and a 3 digit number students were told to count backwards from this number until l told to stop. after varying periods of time n
3 6 9 12 15 18
recall at 3 was 80% but at 18 it was 3% suggesting stm is about 18 seconds.
what is research on duration for LTM
bahrick 1975
392 american participant aged between 17 and 74
high school year book
1. recognition testing 50 photos from the participants year books
2. free recall testing where participants recalled all the names of their graduating classes
15 years 90% accurate after 48 years 70% accurate
free recall was less accurate - about 60% after 15 years dropping to 30% after 48 years
ltm can be lifetime in some cases
what is the multi store memory model?
Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) developed the Multi-Store Model of memory (MSM), which describes flow between three permanent storage systems of memory: the sensory register (SR), short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
what is the sensory register?
The sensory register is the memory store where information first comes in through the senses. There are separate sensory registers for each sense: the iconic store codes visual information and the echoic store codes auditory information.
what is iconic memory?
One of iconic memory’s key roles is involved with change detection of our visual environment which assists in the perception of motion. Iconic memory enables integrating visual information along a continuous stream of images, for example when watching a movie. In the primary visual cortex new stimuli do not erase information about previous stimuli.
what is echoic memory?
Echoic memory is a type of sensory memory that registers and temporarily holds auditory information (sounds) until it is processed and comprehended (Carlson, 2010). This sensory store can retain a great amount of auditory information for a brief period of 3 to 4 seconds (Clark, 1987).
what are the three types of memory?
episodic
semantic
procedural
what is episodic memory?
a type of long-term memory that involves conscious recollection of previous experiences together with their context in terms of time, place, associated emotions, etc.:
what is semantic memory?
a type of long-term memory involving the capacity to recall words, concepts, or numbers, which is essential for the use and understanding of language:
what is procedural memory?
Procedural memory is a form of long-term memory that enables people to learn and execute tasks. It has been described as a kind of implicit memory: Unlike when a person recalls facts or images, someone using procedural memory may not be consciously aware that it’s being accessed.
what is the multistore model?
a representation of the way that memory works in the terms of three stores called; sensory register, ST, ad LTM it also describes how information is moved from one store to another
who thought of the multi store model?
atkinson an Shiffrin’s 1968,1971 -
what is the sensory registar?
all stimuli from allenvironmet pass into he sensory register this part of memory comprises several registers oneo each of the five senses.
coding is modality specific.
duration of the material in the multistore model is brief, less than half a second.
very high capacity one hundred million cells in each eye each storing data.
STM and the sensory register …
maintenance rehearsal needs to occur when we repeat material to ourselves over and over again. we can keep information in if it is rehearsed. rearsed long enough t goes to the LTM.
LTM and the sensory register …
according to the MSM when we want to recall information from LTM it has been transferred back into STM by a process called retrieval.
what is the working memory model?
a representation of short term memory it suggests that STM is a dynamic processor of different types of information using subunits coordinated by centraldescisio makn system.
