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approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

wha5t are the different approaches in psychology ?

A 
the behaviourist 
the social learning theory 
the cognitive approach
the biological approach 
the psychodynamic approach  
the humanistic approach
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2
Q

how can you compare them ?

A 
views on development 
nature vs nurture 
reductionism or holism
determinism
explanation and treatment of psychological disorders
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3
Q

what is the behaviourist approach?

A

a way of explaining behaviour through what is observable and in the terms of learning.

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4
Q

what is classical conditioning ?

A

learning by association occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired together an unconditioned stimulus and a new neutral

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5
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

a form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by its consequences of behaviour including reinforcements

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6
Q

what is reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement is defined as a consequence that follows an operant response that increase (or attempts to increase) the likelihood of that response occurring in the future.

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7
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

A

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of something negative to strengthen a behavior. On the other hand, punishment involves either imposing something undesirable or taking away a positive stimulus to weaken or eliminate a behavior. … Extra chores are an undesirable consequence to eliminate the behavior of lying.

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8
Q

what is punishment in the behavioural approach?

A

Punishment is a term used in operant conditioning psychology to refer to any change that occurs after a behavior that reduces the likelihood that that behavior will occur again in the future.

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9
Q

what is the social learning theory?

A

Social learning theory suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others. Psychologist Albert Bandura developed the social learning theory as an alternative to the earlier work of fellow psychologist B.F. Skinner, known for his influence on behaviorism.

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10
Q

what is imitation in the terms of the SLT?

A

copying the behaviour of others

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11
Q

what is identification in the terms of the SLT ?

A

when an observer associates themselves with a role model and wants to be like the role model

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12
Q

what is modelling in the terms of the SLT?

A

Modeling is a form of learning where individuals ascertain how to act or perform by observing another individual. it is a precise demonstration of a certain behaviour that may be imitated by an observer.

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13
Q

what is vicarious reinforcement terms of the SLT?

A

Vicarious reinforcement occurs when (a) an individual observes another person (a model) behave in a certain way and experience a consequence perceived as desirable by the observer, and (b) as a result, the observer behaves as the model did.

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14
Q

what is the mediational process terms of the SLT?

A

Mediational processes are mental (cognitive) factors that intervene in the learning process to determine whether a new behaviour is acquired or not.

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15
Q

what are the four mediational processes in order terms of the SLT?

A

attention
retention
motor reproduction
motivation

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16
Q

banduras research was?

A

bandura 1961 recorded the behaviour of young children who watched an adult behaviour in an aggressive way towards a bobo doll when these children were later observed playing with various toys including a bobo doll they behaved much more aggressively towards the toys. than those who had observed a non aggressive adult

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17
Q

what is the cognitive approach?

A

Cognition refers to mental activity including thinking, remembering, learning and using language. When we apply a cognitive approach to learning and teaching, we focus on the understanding of information and concepts.

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18
Q

what is internal mental processes in the terms of the cognitive approach?

A

According to the Cognitive Approach, internal mental processes are operations that occur in the mind, but can be studied scientifically. They are also known as mediational processes because they occur between the stimulus and the response.

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19
Q

what is schema in the terms of the cognitive approach?

A

a schema describes a pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them - a mental frame worm of expectations

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20
Q

what is inference in the terms of the cognitive approach?

A

the process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour

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21
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience in the terms of the cognitive approach?

A

Cognitive neuroscience is the study of how the brain enables the mind. … Cognitive science uses the experimental methods of cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence to create and test models of higher-level cognition such as thought and language.

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22
Q

what is the role of theoretical and computer models in psychology?

A

Theoretical models suggest that the mind processes information in a systematic way, for example the multi-store model of memory. Computer models suggest that the mind works like a computer, turning information into a format in which it can be stored (coding).

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23
Q

when was the emergence of cognitive neuroscience?

A

Although Broca would be best known for his work supporting the importance of the frontal lobe in speech, and the influence this had on the localization of function debate, he also was a pioneering neurosurgeon. He developed several neurosurgical methods that advanced our ability to examine the brain postmortem.

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24
Q

what is biological approach?

A

The biological perspective is a way of looking at psychological issues by studying the physical basis for animal and human behavior. It is one of the major perspectives in psychology and involves such things as studying the brain, immune system, nervous system, and genetics.

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25
Q

what are genes?

A

the basic unit of heredity, responsible for storing genetic information and transmitting it to subsequent generations.

26
Q

what is biological structure?

A

In relation to the biological approach in psychology, biological structures are organs (such as the brain) and systems (such as the nervous system) that influence human behaviour.

27
Q

what is neurochemistry ?

A

relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functions.

28
Q

what are genotypes?

A

The genotype is a person’s unique genetic make-up that is coded in their chromosomes and fixed at conception. However, the expression of a genotype is influenced by environmental factors and becomes a person’s phenotype.

29
Q

what are phenotypes?

A

The genotype is a person’s unique genetic make-ups that is coded in their chromosomes and fixed at conception. However, the expression of a genotype is influenced by environmental factors and becomes a person’s phenotype.

30
Q

what is evolution?

A

the study of behaviour, thought, and feeling as viewed through the lens of evolutionary biology. Evolutionary psychologists presume all human behaviours reflect the influence of physical and psychological predispositions that helped human ancestors survive and reproduce.

31
Q

what i the nervous system?

A

The nervous system controls everything you do, including breathing, walking, thinking, and feeling. This system is made up of your brain, spinal cord, and all the nerves of your body. … The nerves carry the messages to and from the body, so the brain can interpret them and take action.

32
Q

what is the central nervous system?

A

Broadly speaking, the nervous system is organised into two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is the processing centre of the body and consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Both of these are protected by three layers of membranes known as meninges

33
Q

what is the peripheral nervous system?

A

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the division of the nervous system containing all the nerves that lie outside of the central nervous system (CNS). The primary role of the PNS is to connect the CNS to the organs, limbs, and skin

34
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system is a component of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of the body movements via the use of skeletal muscles.

35
Q

what is the automimic system ?

A

The autonomic nervous system is a component of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. It contains three anatomically distinct divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.

36
Q

what is the endocrine system?

A

The endocrine system, made up of all the body’s different hormones, regulates all biological processes in the body from conception through adulthood and into old age, including the development of the brain and nervous system, the growth and function of the reproductive system, as well as the metabolism and blood sugar

37
Q

what is a gland and its purpose?

A

A gland is an organ that makes and puts out hormones that do a specific job in your body. Endocrine and exocrine glands release the substances they make into your bloodstream

38
Q

what are hormones?

A

Hormones are your body’s chemical messengers. They travel in your bloodstream to tissues or organs to help them do their work. They work slowly, over time, and affect many different processes, including: Growth and development. Metabolism – how your body gets energy from the foods you eat.

39
Q

what is the fight or flight response?

A

fight-or-flight response, response to an acute threat to survival that is marked by physical changes, including nervous and endocrine changes, that prepare a human or an animal to react or to retreat.

40
Q

what is adrenaline ?

A

Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions. Adrenaline is normally produced both by the adrenal glands and by a small number of neurons in the medulla oblongata.

41
Q

what is a neuron?

A

Neurons are information messengers. They use electrical impulses and chemical signals to transmit information between different areas of the brain, and between the brain and the rest of the nervous system. … Neurons have three basic parts: a cell body and two extensions called an axon (5) and a dendrite (3).

42
Q

what is a sensory neuron?

A

Sensory neurons are the nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment - for example, when you touch a hot surface with your fingertips, the sensory neurons will be the ones firing and sending off signals to the rest of the nervous system about the information they have received.

43
Q

what is a relay neuron ?

A

Sensory neuron sends electrical impulses to a relay neuron, which is located in the spinal cord of the CNS. Relay neurons connect sensory neurons to motor neurons. Motor neuron sends electrical impulses to an effector. Effector produces a response (muscle contracts to move hand away).

44
Q

what are motor neurons?

A

these connect the CNS to effectors such as muscle and glands they have short dendrites and long axons.

45
Q

what is synaptic transmission ?

A

Synaptic transmission is the biological process by which a neuron communicates with a target cell across a synapse. Chemical synaptic transmission involves the release of a neurotransmitter from the pre-synaptic neuron, and neurotransmitter binding to specific post-synaptic receptors.

46
Q

what is a neurotransmitter?

A

Neurotransmitters are often referred to as the body’s chemical messengers. They are the molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons, or from neurons to muscles. … Most neurotransmitters are either small amine molecules, amino acids, or neuropeptides.

47
Q

what is excitation?

A

the electrical activity elicited in a neuron or muscle cell in response to an external stimulus, specifically the propagation of an action potential.

48
Q

what is inhibition ?

A

in psychology, conscious or unconscious constraint or curtailment of a process or behaviour, especially of impulses or desires. … Conversely, too much inhibition can be personally destructive, resulting in the neurotic inability to feel or express certain emotions, or in sexual frigidity or impotence.

49
Q

what is the psychodynamic approach?

A

The psychodynamic approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality.

50
Q

what is the unconscious?

A

In Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the unconscious mind is defined as a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that outside of conscious awareness. … Freud believed that the unconscious continues to influence behavior even though people are unaware of these underlying influences.

51
Q

what is the ID?

A

According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality, the id is the personality component made up of unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires.

52
Q

what is the ego?

A

The ego is ‘that part of the id which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world.’

The ego is the only part of the conscious personality. It’s what the person is aware of when they think about themselves, and is what they usually try to project toward others.

The ego develops to mediate between the unrealistic id and the external real world. It is the decision-making component of personality. Ideally, the ego works by reason, whereas the id is chaotic and unreasonable.

53
Q

what is the superego?

A

The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one’s parents and others. It develops around the age of 3 – 5 years during the phallic stage of psychosexual development. The superego is seen as the purveyor or rewards (feelings of pride and satisfaction) and punishments (feelings of shame and guilt) depending on which part (the ego-deal or conscious) is activated.

54
Q

what is a defence mechanism?

A

Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological responses that protect people from feelings of anxiety, threats to self-esteem, and things that they don’t want to think about or deal with. 1 First described by Sigmund Freud in his psychoanalytic theory, defense mechanisms function to protect against anxiety.

55
Q

what are th pyschosexual stages?

A

During the five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages, the erogenous zone associated with each stage serves as a source of pleasure. … If these psychosexual stages are completed successfully, a healthy personality is the result.

56
Q

what is the humanistic approach?

A

Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that emphasizes the study of the whole person. Humanistic psychologists look at human behavior not only through the eyes of the observer, but through the eyes of the person doing the behaving.

57
Q

what is free will?

A

Free will is the idea that we are able to have some choice in how we act and assumes that we are free to choose our behavior, in other words we are self determined. … According to freewill a person is responsible for their own actions.

58
Q

what is self actualisation?

A

self-actualization, in psychology, a concept regarding the process by which an individual reaches his or her full potential. … Similar to Goldstein, Maslow saw self-actualization as the fulfillment of one’s greatest potential.

59
Q

what are the hierarchy of needs?

A

Maslow organized human needs into a pyramid that includes (from lowest-level to highest-level) physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs. According to Maslow, one must satisfy lower-level needs before addressing needs that occur higher in the pyramid

60
Q

what is the self?

A

In psychology, the notion of the self refers to a person’s experience as a single, unitary, autonomous being that is separate from others, experienced with continuity through time and place. The experience of the self includes consciousness of one’s physicality as well as one’s inner character and emotional life.

61
Q

what is congruence?

A

Congruence is a condition in therapeutic relationship that refers to accurate matching of a person’s experience with awareness. In person-centred counselling, counsellor’s congruence is believed as one of helpful and significant aspects that facilitates clients’ growth in counselling.

62
Q

what are the conditions of worth?

A

Conditions of worth include rules that govern values, beliefs and behaviours – if we break these rules, we expect to receive disapproval and rejection. They become part of our self-concept, and we accept them as the truth rather than as an opinion.

psychology (21 decks)

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