Pysch Chapter Two Flashcards by Sophia Ibarra

Q

theory

A

well developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for an observed phenomenon; make predictions about the future & new evidence can change (be modified)

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Q

hypothesis

A

a tentative and testable statement about two or more variables (if, then statements); testable and falsifiable

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Q

IRB

A

institutional review board: reviews proposals with the principles of verifiability, predictability, falsifiability, fairness (HUMANS)

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Q

IACUC

A

institutional animal care and use committee: where animal experiments are reviewed; ethical manner; can kill animals BUT it MUST be justifiable (ANIMALS)

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Q

deception

A

purposely misleading participants in order to maintain integrity of the experiment (non-harmful manner)

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Q

debrief

A

must do this if deception took place; participants are told complete and truthful information about the experiment after it was conducted

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Q

informed consent

A

form provides a written description of what participants can expect during the experiment including potential risks

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Q

confederate

A

someone who is in on the experiment

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Q

dependent variable

A

something that is being measured

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Q

independent variable

A

something that is being manipulated

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Q

control group

A

the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied

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Q

confounding variables

A

actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest (ice cream and crime rates increase at same time, CV would be the temperature which is causing both of these things separately)

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Q

confounds

A

something that unintentionally impacts the results

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Q

reliability

A

how consistent and reproducible a result of a study is, an indication of how well and methodical a study was conducted

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Q

validity

A

how accurate a given result measures what it is designed to measure

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Q

descriptive research

A

a non experimental approach to gather more info about a topic before designing an experiment

Q

correlational research

A

research investigating the relationship between two or more variables

Q

experimental research

A

research method that uses hypothesis testing to make inferences about how one variable impacts and causes another

Q

7 different types of descriptive research methods

Archival Research

A

relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting kinds of relationship

STRENGTHS: inexpensive and quick

WEAKNESS: limited availability, not trustworthy and no control on how data was collected

Q

7 different types of descriptive research methods

Case Studies

A

observational research studying and focusing on one or a few people (unique)

STRENGTHS: lots of info, ethical

WEAKNESSES: long time and not generalizable

Q

7 different types of descriptive research methods

Longitudinal Research

A

a research design in which data gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time on the same group of people; see how people change over time

STRENGTHS: use of the same people

WEAKNESSES: can take a long time, this could lead to attrition (people quit)

Q

7 different types of descriptive research methods

Cross Sectional Research

A

a research compares multiple segments of the population at the same time short term

STRENGTHS: take less time to conduct

WEAKNESSES: any kinds of differences like characteristics could impact the experiment in a negative way

Q

7 different types of descriptive research methods

Surveys

A

list of questions to be answered by research participants

STRENGTHS: fast, cheap, lots of ppl, sample size, and generalizable

WEAKNESSES: social desirability and internal validity

Q

7 different types of descriptive research methods

Naturalistic Observation

A

observation of behavior in its natural setting, mostly found in animals

7 different types of descriptive research methods Participant Observation

a research method where the researcher is immersed in the daily activities of the participants

correlation (does/does not) equal causation.

DOES NOT

correlation coefficient

the number from -1, +1 including the strength and description of the relationship between variables, usually represented by "r"

positive correlation

two variables change in the same direction both becoming either larger or smaller

negative correlation

two variables change in different direction with one becoming larger as the other becomes smaller

-1, +1 =

a perfectly correlated relationship

(+) and (-) =

tells us the direction

significance of random sampling/random assignment

a random sample is a subset of a larger population in which every member of all the population has an equal change of being selected. all participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group.

how do hypotheses relate to each other? A) hypo. are specific predictions used to test a theory's prediction B) hypo. are formulated after a research study and later made into theories C) theories are specific predictions used to test a theory's prediction D) hypo. always become theories after a study is complete

hypo. are specific predictions used to test a theory's prediction

which of the following statements is true of variables in studies?

a variable is something that can change and be measured

walter is studying the effects of watching movies on depressed individuals. he finds that the less movies people watch, the less happy they tend to be. this is an example of....

positive correlation (less, less = positive)

in observational studies, why do researchers often employ several people unrelated to the study to be the ones that observe and record the data?

to avoid observer bias