PYB102 Wk's 1 and 2: Regions, Functions and Orientations

Question 1

Name the two divisions of the Nervous System

Answer 1

• Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 2

What is an Axon?

Answer 2

• The body of the nerve

Question 3

What is the Nuclei on a neuron?

Answer 3

• The main cell body.

Question 4

What is a ‘Tract’ and what is a ‘Nerve’

Answer 4

• Tracts are bundles of Axons in the CNS (also known as white matter.)
• Nerves are bundles of axons in the PNS.

Question 5

Define ‘Nuclei’ and define ‘Ganglia’

Answer 5

• Nuclei are groups of neuron cell bodies in the CNS (aka grey matter.)
• Ganglia are groups of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.

Question 6

Name the planes of view. (Visualise and map out with hand.)

Answer 6

• Sagittal, Coronal and Axial (Horizontal.)

Question 7

Name the orientations within Neuroanatomy and Anatomy. (Map out with hand and visualise.)

Answer 7

Dorsal, Ventral, Anterior and Posterior

Question 8

Name the two divisions of the Forebrain.

Answer 8

• Telencephalon
• Diencephalon

Question 9

Name the three divisions of the brain

Answer 9

Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain

Question 10

Name the three important Hindbrain regions.

Answer 10

Medulla, Pons and Cerebellum

Question 11

Name the functions of the Medulla.

Answer 11

Controls vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure and respiration. Contains circuits of neurons.

Question 12

Name the functions of the Pons and where it is located.

Answer 12

• Located in the hindbrain. In front/below the cerebellum
• Contains a bridge of fibre that connect the brainstem with the cerebellum.
• Also contains several clusters of nuclei.
• One cluster is called the “Reticular Formation,” which has influence on ones level of consciousness and alertness.

Question 13

Where is the Cerebellum located and what are its main functions

Answer 13

• Located in the hindbrain behind the brain stem.
• Critical for coordination, movement and balance.

Question 14

Name the two important regions of the Mid-Brain and their functions

Answer 14

• Superior (Anterior) Colliculi
  Relays visual information, and important for visual attention.
• Inferior (Posterior) Colliculi
  Relays auditory information and important for auditory attention

Question 15

Name the important regions of the Diencephalon and where located.

Answer 15

Thalamus and the Hypothalamus.

Question 16

Name the function of the Thalamus and where it is located.

Answer 16

• Forebrain > Diencephalon
• *Relay *station for all *sensory information *(except smell) to get to cerebral cortex.
• Filters and begins to organise sensory input.

Question 17

Name the functions of the Hypothalamus

Answer 17

• Forebrain > Diencephalon.
• Regulations of basic biological drives.
• Controls the “4 F’s”: Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding and Mating.
• Also controls the Automatic Nervous System and is involved with the regulation of body temperature.
• Controls the pituitary gland which is attached by a stalk at the base of HT. This releases hormones into the body and controls other glands.

Question 18

What connects the two hemispheres together?

Answer 18

The corpus callosum

Question 19

What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?

Answer 19

• Connects the two cerebral hemispheres together

Question 20

Name the areas of the Telencephalon.

Answer 20

• Basal Ganglia
• Limbic System (has Hippocampus and Amygdala)
• Cerebral Cortex

Question 21

Name the functions of the Basal Ganglia

Answer 21

Is a group of structures crucial for planning and producing movement.

Question 22

What is the limbic system?

Answer 22

Loosely connected network of structures.
-Important role in learning, memory and the expressing of emotion.

Question 23

Name two important structures within the Limbic System.

Answer 23

Amygdala and the Hippocampus

Question 24

Name the function of the Amygdala and where located

Answer 24

• Forebrain > Telencephalon > Limbic system.
• Located in front of the Hippocampus.
• Has vital role immediately in processing emotional information, particularly in the learning of the fear response.

Question 25

Name the function of the Hippocampus and where it is located.

Answer 25

• Forebrain > Telencephalon > Limbic System.
• Important in memory, particularly in the consolidation of new memories (learning.)

Question 26

Name the Four lobes of the brain and their basic functions/components

Answer 26

Located in the cerebral cortex (Forebrain > Telencephalon > Cerebral Cortex)

Occipital Lobe: Involved with vision. Primary visual cortex located here.

Parietal Lobe: Located behind central sulcus. Perception of stimuli related to touch (temperature, touch and pain).

Temporal Lobe: Perception an recognition of auditory stimulation. Memory.

Frontal Lobe: Motor cortex located here. Movement. Reasoning and planning. Parts of speech. Emotions and problem solving.

Question 27

What are the important functions of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Answer 27

Receives tactile information from the body.

Question 28

What is the primary function of the Motor cortex?

Answer 28

The initiation of movement that is voluntary.

Question 29

What is the neural tube, and what are the three stages of its development

Answer 29

• The neural tube grows to become the CNS
• The neural crests become the PNS
• Starts off as a neural plate > then becomes a neural groove > then becomes the neural tube and neural crest

Question 30

What happens to the neural tube as it grows

Answer 30

• The neural tube develops three individually distinct enlargements/vesicles
• These become the three major regions of the brain, the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain.