PYB102 Wk's 1 and 2: Regions, Functions and Orientations Flashcards
Name the two divisions of the Nervous System
- Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
What is an Axon?
- The body of the nerve
What is the Nuclei on a neuron?
- The main cell body.
What is a ‘Tract’ and what is a ‘Nerve’
- Tracts are bundles of Axons in the CNS (also known as white matter.)
- Nerves are bundles of axons in the PNS.
Define ‘Nuclei’ and define ‘Ganglia’
- Nuclei are groups of neuron cell bodies in the CNS (aka grey matter.)
- Ganglia are groups of neuron cell bodies in the PNS.
Name the planes of view. (Visualise and map out with hand.)
- Sagittal, Coronal and Axial (Horizontal.)
Name the orientations within Neuroanatomy and Anatomy. (Map out with hand and visualise.)
Dorsal, Ventral, Anterior and Posterior
Name the two divisions of the Forebrain.
- Telencephalon
- Diencephalon
Name the three divisions of the brain
Forebrain, Midbrain and Hindbrain
Name the three important Hindbrain regions.
Medulla, Pons and Cerebellum
Name the functions of the Medulla.
Controls vital functions like heart rate, blood pressure and respiration. Contains circuits of neurons.
Name the functions of the Pons and where it is located.
- Located in the hindbrain. In front/below the cerebellum
- Contains a bridge of fibre that connect the brainstem with the cerebellum.
- Also contains several clusters of nuclei.
- One cluster is called the “Reticular Formation,” which has influence on ones level of consciousness and alertness.
Where is the Cerebellum located and what are its main functions
- Located in the hindbrain behind the brain stem.
- Critical for coordination, movement and balance.
Name the two important regions of the Mid-Brain and their functions
- Superior (Anterior) Colliculi
Relays visual information, and important for visual attention. - Inferior (Posterior) Colliculi
Relays auditory information and important for auditory attention
Name the important regions of the Diencephalon and where located.
Thalamus and the Hypothalamus.
Name the function of the Thalamus and where it is located.
- Forebrain > Diencephalon
- *Relay *station for all *sensory information *(except smell) to get to cerebral cortex.
- Filters and begins to organise sensory input.
Name the functions of the Hypothalamus
- Forebrain > Diencephalon.
- Regulations of basic biological drives.
- Controls the “4 F’s”: Fighting, Fleeing, Feeding and Mating.
- Also controls the Automatic Nervous System and is involved with the regulation of body temperature.
- Controls the pituitary gland which is attached by a stalk at the base of HT. This releases hormones into the body and controls other glands.
What connects the two hemispheres together?
The corpus callosum
What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?
- Connects the two cerebral hemispheres together
Name the areas of the Telencephalon.
- Basal Ganglia
- Limbic System (has Hippocampus and Amygdala)
- Cerebral Cortex
Name the functions of the Basal Ganglia
Is a group of structures crucial for planning and producing movement.
What is the limbic system?
Loosely connected network of structures.
-Important role in learning, memory and the expressing of emotion.
Name two important structures within the Limbic System.
Amygdala and the Hippocampus
Name the function of the Amygdala and where located
- Forebrain > Telencephalon > Limbic system.
- Located in front of the Hippocampus.
- Has vital role immediately in processing emotional information, particularly in the learning of the fear response.
Name the function of the Hippocampus and where it is located.
- Forebrain > Telencephalon > Limbic System.
- Important in memory, particularly in the consolidation of new memories (learning.)
Name the Four lobes of the brain and their basic functions/components
Located in the cerebral cortex (Forebrain > Telencephalon > Cerebral Cortex)
Occipital Lobe: Involved with vision. Primary visual cortex located here.
Parietal Lobe: Located behind central sulcus. Perception of stimuli related to touch (temperature, touch and pain).
Temporal Lobe: Perception an recognition of auditory stimulation. Memory.
Frontal Lobe: Motor cortex located here. Movement. Reasoning and planning. Parts of speech. Emotions and problem solving.
What are the important functions of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Receives tactile information from the body.
What is the primary function of the Motor cortex?
The initiation of movement that is voluntary.
What is the neural tube, and what are the three stages of its development
- The neural tube grows to become the CNS
- The neural crests become the PNS
- Starts off as a neural plate > then becomes a neural groove > then becomes the neural tube and neural crest
What happens to the neural tube as it grows
- The neural tube develops three individually distinct enlargements/vesicles
- These become the three major regions of the brain, the hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain.