PVMPH Flashcards
What is food security?
Food access
Food use
Food availability
A global goal : we want safe food for all
Food systems*
includes activities (food chain) and outcomes (social, environmental , welfare)
food chain*
from farm to fork
- producing
- processing
- packaging
4 characteristic of the food chain
- evolving
- fragmented
- multinational
- complex
The general food law*
a framework to ensure a coherent approach to legislation
What are the 3 main objectives of The General Food Law
- facilitate global trade
- protect human life and health
- allow trade of feed and food
What are the 2 key principles of The General food Law
- transparency (build consumer trust)
- Risk analysis principle as the basis for food safety decisions
Zero risk approach is impossible why?
we cannot test every serving!
If zero risk approach is not possible what is the better approach?
risk assessement needed to inform risk management
What is role of risk assessment in the food chain?
Identify the points in the food chain with increased risk of contamination
Risk assessment informs…
risk management
Risk management in the food chain is shared between
FBO
FSA
consumer
What is HACCP
Hazard analysis and critical control points
1) identify the hazard (chemical, biological, physical)
2) identify Critical Control point ie point in process with highest risk
3) set a critical limit
Critical Control point*
Point in process with highest risk
What are main strategies for FBO to ensure food safety?
- The HACCP
- Good Manufacturing Practices
The HACCP controls specific high hazards whereas Good Manufacturing practices are just standard procedures for hygiene.
List some hazards in milking industry
biological:
- fecal contamination of teats, udders, tail..
- pathogens inside the udder
Chemical:
- veterinary medicine residues
Physical: dust, bedding material
Can microbiological testing alone ensure food safety??
NOOOO
Tracing forward*
recall products
Tracing backwards*
identifying the source of a problem
How do we minimise risks in milking industry?
- cow health
- cow cleanliness (examine milk from each animal and reject those with abnormalities..)
- clean milking area
- equipment maintenance (i.e. bulk milk tanks should be cleaned an disinfected,..)
- staff
process hygiene criteria*
acceptable functioning of a process, defined by amount of micro-organisms (threshold)
food safety criteria*
acceptability of a product to be put on market
The full extent of foodborne disease is
- unknown
- identifying causes of foodborne illness is still a challenge in the developed world
- under-reporting
How is molecular typing helping with foodborne outbreak investigations?
Can help identify the primary source of contamination by linking illness to the food source
Foodborne illness is a major public health concern- is this true?
Yes
What is the reporting pathway for foodborne outbreak investigation ?
What are the objectives in controlling an outbreak?
- limit the 1ry number of cases
- limits the 2ndary number of cases
- prevent further episodes by identifying continuing hazards
Aim for heifers to calve at
24 months
Aim for heifer service at
15 months
Aim for heifer height at withers
132cm (in conjunction with weight)
the earliest service date for cows should be
42 days
define calving index
the average of all calving intervals from a herd
Which pig disease is found in 100% of farms?
ileitis
For which pig disease would you consider total depopulation?
swine dysentery
Enzootic pneumonia causative agent
Mycoplasma Hyopneumonia
Enzootic pneumonia is associated with what poor husbandry/ management
poor ventilation –> ammonium build up—> consolidation of the lung lobes—> heave lines
Why is enzootic pneumonia of economic importance?
- 30-80% of pigs have lesions at slaughter
- disease –> delayed growth rates
Which pig production system leads to the biggest build up of pathogens:
- all in all out
- batch
- continuous flow
continuous flow
never gets a deep clean - needs to be sandwich clean
What is the impact of mycoplasma hyopneumonia on a pig farm?
- variance in sizes
- coughing
- Increase FCR
- 2ndary infections- could lead to increased mortality
Is Salmonella a problem for pig health?
Not really, mostly a human health problem. But if there is salmonella indicates a higher disease burden (so more predisposed to other disease)
Is Salmonella equally as present on outdoor and indoor rearing systems?
yes
What husbandry/ management can impact on salmonella transmission?
- flooring type
- feed system (higher prevalence in liquid feeding)
- water system (salmonella can last a 100 days in water!)
What does PCV2 cause to pigs
Post weaning multisystemic syndrome
(small, wasting away, hairy)
How do we prevent post weaning multisystemic syndrome?
we vaccinate (circovac)
What is the clinical impact of PRRS?
- abortion storms
- mummified piglets
- weak piglets
- blue ears
- respiratory problems
- immunosupressive
Can we vaccinate for erysipelas in pigs?
yes
What clinicals signs can be seen in pigs with erysipelas?
- diamond shaped lesions
- difficulty rising (joint arthritis)–> lameness
- infertility
- pyrexia
- growths on heart valves
Strep Suis type 2 in pigs causes
meningitis
What is the most common tick borne infectious disease in humans?
Lyme disease (Borellia Burgdorferi)
Spillover hosts are often which group of species? These are also known as amplifiers
livestock
allow transmission between humans and wildlife
what is the consequence of a spillover?
In order for a spillover to occur all the elements need to coincide (swiss cheese analogy)
spillover is not a given!
2/3rds of human diseases are
zoonotic
Nipah virus is transmitted via
bats—> humans
bats—> pigs (amplifier)—->humans
Controlling zoonotic disease requires targetting which host?
the maintenance host
Do hens or broilers have a higher p% of broken bones?
hens > broilers
they are older
degree of bone damage will depend on the production system (barns> cages)
what has caused this?
horn puncture
How can you tell whether damage to a carcass occurred during mechanical feather plucking or ante mortem?
look for bruising/ hemmorhage
What could have caused this?
- convulsions in water bath
- live shackling
Dislocations could indicate poor …technique
restraint
Is this an economic or a welfare issue?
both
preslaughter welfare- what are good indicators?
- DOA (death on arrival)
- torn skin
- bruising
- metabolic exhaustion
- lameness (see how animals move!)
