PV 3 Flashcards
What is the primary focus of pharmacogenetics?
The genetic basis of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and variability in drug response.
What factors contribute to inter-individual variability in medication response?
- Pathogenesis and severity of the disease
- Concomitant medications and drug interactions
- Patient’s factors (age, renal and liver function, concomitant illnesses, nutrition, lifestyle)
What role do genetic factors play in drug response?
They can significantly affect the kinetics and dynamics of drugs, influencing non-response or toxicity.
What is polymorphism in the context of pharmacogenetics?
Inter-individual differences in DNA sequences at a specific chromosomal location existing at a frequency of more than 1% in the general population.
What are the three ways pharmacogenetic mechanisms can result in clinically relevant sequelae?
- Altered drug metabolism and transport
- Unexpected drug effects
- Genetic variation in drug targets
What is the significance of the Human Genome Project for pharmacogenetics?
It enhances the likelihood of identifying and validating genetic markers that predict adverse events and lack of efficacy.
What type of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) represent an exaggeration of the drug’s therapeutic effects?
Dose-related adverse drug reactions.
How do allergic drug reactions differ from dose-related reactions?
Allergic reactions require prior exposure to a drug and are not dose-related.
What are idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions?
ADRs resulting from mechanisms that are not currently understood and are largely unpredictable.
What are Type A reactions in the classification of ADRs?
Augmented reactions that are dose-dependent and predictable based on the pharmacology of the drug.
What are Type B reactions in the classification of ADRs?
Bizarre reactions that are idiosyncratic and not predictable based on the pharmacology.
Fill in the blank: The FDA approved the first commercially available kit to measure some _______ polymorphisms in 2004.
P450
What is the expected impact of pharmacogenetic research on disease diagnosis?
Diagnosis will increasingly be based on genotype rather than phenotype.
List the types of adverse drug reactions classified traditionally.
- Type A: Augmented (dose-dependent)
- Type B: Bizarre (idiosyncratic)
- Type C: Chemical
- Type D: Delayed
- Type E: Exit/End of treatment
- Type F: Familial
- Type G: Genotoxicity
- Type H: Hypersensitivity
- Type U: Unclassified
What are common examples of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions?
- Rashes
- Jaundice
- Anemia
- Decrease in white blood cell count
- Kidney damage
- Nerve injury
True or False: Dose-related adverse drug reactions are usually unpredictable.
False
How can genetic differences affect adverse drug reactions?
They may influence how an individual metabolizes or responds to drugs.
What is the role of advanced analytical methods in pharmacogenetics?
They allow measurement of the influence of genes on drug kinetics or dynamics.
