fluid 2 Flashcards
What are the normal plasma potassium concentrations?
3.5-5 mEq/L
What is the most abundant intracellular cation essential for life?
Potassium
List three functions of potassium in the body.
- Cellular metabolism
- Glycogen and protein synthesis
- Muscle and cardiac contractility
How is potassium primarily excreted from the body?
Through urine
What is hypokalemia?
K+ concentration less than 3.5 mEq/L
Name two causes of hypokalemia.
- Increased shift of K+ into cells
- Increased GI losses of K+ (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea)
What are common symptoms of hypokalemia?
- Muscle weakness
- ECG changes (flattened T waves)
- Cardiac arrhythmias
What is the recommended oral supplementation for the prevention of hypokalemia?
20-40 mEq/day in 1-2 divided doses
What is hyperkalemia?
Hyperkalemia can be defined as a potassium level > 5.3 or > 5.5 mEq/L
List three causes of hyperkalemia.
- Increased intake
- Shift of K+ from the IC to the EC compartment
- Reduced urinary excretion
What are common symptoms of hyperkalemia?
- Muscle weakness or paralysis
- Abnormal cardiac conduction
What is the initial treatment for hyperkalemia?
All potassium sources must be discontinued
What is the normal serum magnesium concentration?
1.7-2.3 mg/dL
What is hypomagnesemia?
Serum magnesium concentration less than 1.7 mg/dL
Name two signs or symptoms of hypomagnesemia.
- Neuromuscular symptoms (e.g., tetany, twitching)
- Cardiovascular symptoms (e.g., arrhythmias)
What is the treatment for symptomatic hypomagnesemia?
IV replacement
What is the normal serum phosphorus concentration?
2.5-4.5 mg/dL
What is hypophosphatemia?
Serum phosphorus concentration less than 2.5 mg/dL
Name two causes of hypophosphatemia.
- Increased renal elimination
- Respiratory alkalosis
What are common signs and symptoms of hyperphosphatemia?
- Hypocalcemia
- ECG changes
What is the normal serum calcium concentration?
8.5-10.5 mg/dL
What is hypocalcemia?
Serum calcium concentration less than 8.5 mg/dL
Name two signs or symptoms of hypocalcemia.
- Tetany
- Muscle spasms
What is the treatment for asymptomatic hypocalcemia?
Oral Ca2+ supplements at a dose of 2-4 g/day
What is the usual cause of hypercalcemia?
Malignancy or hyperparathyroidism
Why is medication history important in electrolyte disorders?
It helps identify potential causes of electrolyte imbalances.
True or False: Electrolyte imbalance is common in the emergency department.
True
