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Year 2 Gastrointestinal > Purpose of the gut > Flashcards

Purpose of the gut Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the GI system?

A 
Food ingestion 
Food digestion 
Food absorption 
Egesting left over contents 
Waste product excretion e.g. bilirubin
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2
Q

Outline the basic structure of the GI tract and some features that segment it (do not list organs)

A

A tube from mouth to anus lined with epithelium making the lumen external to the body.
Several accessory organs excrete into the GI tract.
Sphincters divide the tract up into functional segments

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3
Q

List the sphincters in the GI system.

A 
Upper oesophageal 
Lower Oesophageal 
Pyloric 
Ileum-caecal 
Anal sphincters
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4
Q

What problem occurs if the lower oesophageal sphincter is not effective?

A

Reflux

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5
Q

What makes the gut complex?

A

It needs to be permeable (it has a thin epithelium) to help absorption but resistant to passage of toxins or pathogens into the body.
The contents need hydrating to aid diffusion of food into the body but then needs drying out to stop dehydration and diarrhoea.

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6
Q

Which nervous system controls the gut?

A

Enteric nervous system

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7
Q

List the accessory organs

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas

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8
Q

What structures does food pass through in the Gi tract (In order of passage)

A 
Mouth (+Tongue )
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum (SI)
Jejunum (SI)
Ileum (SI)
Cecum (LI)
Ascending Colon (LI)
Transverse Colon (LI)
Descending Colon (LI)
Sigmoid Colon (LI)
Rectum 
Anus
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9
Q

Which intestine is longer?

A

Small (majority of absorption is done here so we need a large surface area and good contact time)

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10
Q

What is the longest segment of the small intestine and indicate its length?

A

350cm- Ileum

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11
Q

Which part of the small intestine is 250cm long?

A

Jejunum

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12
Q

Which part of the small intestine is the shortest and connects to the stomach?

A

Duodenum

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13
Q

Which part of the colon is longest?

A

Transverse (40cm)

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14
Q

The gut converts food into …… , ……… , and …….

A

Monosaccharides
Small peptides or amino acids
Fatty acids and glycerol

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15
Q

What must the gut keep out or expel?

A

Toxins must be kept in the lumen.
Expels waste products- bilirubin -excess cholesterol
The stuff that is of no nutritional value

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16
Q

How does the GI tract broadly achieve its function?

A 
port of entry for food
Mechanical disruption 
Chemical digestion 
Temporary storage 
Kills pathogens 
peristalsis 
absorbs nutrients 
exit point for waste elimination
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17
Q

What does the mouth do?

A

Mechanically disturbs food with the teeth to break it down physically
Lubricates and starts chemical disgestion of bollus with saliva/ enzymes
Infection control

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18
Q

After the food leaves the stomach it is called …..

A

Chyme

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19
Q

Food is liquefied by vigorous contraction of which GI organ?

A

Stomach

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20
Q

What two areas are seen in the stomach?

A

Upper area which dictates basal tone and distends as it fills.
Lower area which is more muscle and grinds food by contracting (additional muscularis externa layer here - the inner oblique one seen here)

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21
Q

How does the stomach help food storage?

A

We eat faster than we can break down food so the stomach distends by receptive relaxation stretching the usually folded rugae. This controls the rate of flow of chyme into the duodenum.

22
Q

Where else are GI contents temporarily stored in the GI tract other than the stomach?

A

colon- only evacuated a few times a day.

23
Q

Saliva contains what enzyme types?

A

Amylase

Lipase

24
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

Break down starch

25
Q

What is secreted into the stomach?

A

acid

pesin

26
Q

Bile and exocrine pancreatic secretions are found in which small intestinal segments?

A

duodenum and jenunum

27
Q

List the pathogenic defences of the GI system?

A

Saliva
HCl
Liver Kupfer cells
Peyers Patches

28
Q

What is a Peyers patch? Where is it found and what is its role?

A

Lymphoid follicle
Submucousa/ mucous of the small intestine
Mainly the terminal ileum

29
Q

How do we move food through the tract?

A

Peristalsis
Segementation
Haustral shuttling
Mass movements (e.g. the colon releasing content a few times a day)

30
Q

What muscle types are seen in the bowel wall?

A

Mainly smooth but some skeletal is present.

31
Q

How does the gut increase its surface area for absorption?

A

Plica circulares
Villi
Microvilli

32
Q

What must the gut absorb?

A

Digested food
Fluid (keep it balanced)
Secretions

33
Q

Is the rectum normally a storage site?

A

No- the rectum is usually empty.

The colon stores waste and moves into the rectum by mass movement

34
Q

What is the gastrocolic reflex?

A

The changes in gut motility that result from stomach distension

35
Q

How many anal sphincters do we have?

A

2

1 internal + 1 external

36
Q

Which part of the alimentary track rapidly transports bolus from the mouth to the stomach rapidly?

A

oesophagus

37
Q

Which body cavity is the oesophagus in?

A

Throacic cage

38
Q

What stops air entering the oesophagus?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter

39
Q

How does the stomach make chyme?

A

physical break down of food
chemical break down
digestion
storage

40
Q

HCl is found in the … to help with ….. …..

A

stomach

infection control

41
Q

Where do you find intrinsic factor and why do we need it?

A

stomach

helps vit B12 absorption

42
Q

Hypertonic chyme enters the… from the stomach

A

Duodenum

43
Q

Which part of the GI tract neutralise chyme with HCO3, continues digestion with pancreatic secretions, allows bile to enter and makes the chyme osmotically stable?

A

Duodenum

44
Q

Where does digestion end?

A

Jejunum and ileum

45
Q

Nutrients are absorbed mainly in the…

Water and electrolytes are mainly absorbed in the…. along with B12 and the recirculation of bile.

A

Jejunum

Ileum

46
Q

Tight junctions stop ……. water movement in the ….. intestine

A

paracellular

large

47
Q

The rectum and anus are only used for?

A

defecation

48
Q

The final water reabsorption and electrolyte absorption is done where?

A

large intestine

49
Q

Are the peritoneal cavity and the abdominal cavity the same?

A

No.

The peritoneal cavity sits with in the abdominal cavity and envelopes the GI tract.

50
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity and what is its normal contents?

A

Space between parietal and visceral peritoneum which is normally only lubricated with a few ml of fluid and acts only as a potential space.

51
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

Double fold of peritoneum, allows pathway for blood supply, lymphatics and fat.

52
Q

If an organ is only in contact with the peritoneum anteriorly the organ itself is considered to be?

A

retroperitoneal

Year 2 Gastrointestinal (9 decks)

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