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Year 2 Gastrointestinal > Gut Anatomy > Flashcards

Gut Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How many layers does the gut wall have and can you name them?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. External muscle Layers
  4. Serosa
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2
Q

What three layers make up the mucosa?

A

Epithelium, underlying lamina propria and muscular mucosae

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3
Q

List the function of gut epithelia.

A 
Selectively permeable barrier
Facilitate transport and digestion of food
Promote absorption 
Produce hormones
Produce mucus
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4
Q

Which layer of the gut wall contains lots of lymphoid tissue and macrophages as well as producing antibodies like IgA?

A

lamina propria

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5
Q

Why is IgA useful in the gut?

A

It is protease resistant

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6
Q

Which layer of muscle in the gut keeps the epithelium incorrect with the gut contents and keeps the crypt contents dynamic by having smooth muscle orientated in lots of different directions?

A

Muscularis Mucosae

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7
Q

Dense connective tissue, blood vessels, glands, lymph tissue and the messiness’ plexus are all found in which gut layer?

A

Submucosa

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8
Q

The inner circular muscle layer is separated form the outer longtitudinal muscle layer by which plexus?

A

Myenteric/Auerbach’s

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9
Q

Which layer is continuous with mesenteries and holds the blood, lymph and adipose?

A

Serosa

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10
Q

Which bits of the gut are stratified squamous and not simple columnar like the rest of the gut?

A

Oesophagus and distal anus (below pectinate line)

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11
Q

What is an enterocyte?

A

A cell simple columnar epithelial cell specialised for absorption in the Gi tract

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12
Q

How many cells thick is the small intestine epithelium?

A

1 - good for diffusion

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13
Q

What increases the surface area of an individual enterocyte?

A

Microvilli

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14
Q

Where do lots of enzymes sit in the small intestine?

A

In the brush border

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15
Q

What do goblet cells secrete?

A

Mucus to lubricate and defend the lining against harsh pHs in the lumen. Depending on the location the mucus can be antimicrobial or supportive of a normal flora.

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16
Q

How does the number of goblet cells change from the duodenum to the colon?

A

Increases

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17
Q

list three functions of mucus.

A

Dfends gut wall from:
friction
chemical damage
bacterial inflammtion (makes physical barrier)

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18
Q

What is a foveolar cell?

A

Gastric surface mucous cell

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19
Q

What is the function of a foveolar cell?

A

Line gastric mucosa and pits secreting mucous and bicarbonate ions to act as a barrier from the H+ in the stomach

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20
Q

What are permenant circular fold of the Gi tract called?

A

Plicae circulares

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21
Q

Where do you see temporary folds in the gut wall?

A

Proximal stomach has rugae to make it easily expansible

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22
Q

Which intestine do you see villi in?

A

small

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23
Q

What specialised cells are seen in crypts/ intestinal glands?

A

Stem cells
Panted cells
Eneteroendocrine cells

24
Q

Why do we need stem cells in the gut?

A

To avoid perforation - bowel contents in the peritoneal cavity will lead to catastrophic inflammation. Replaces epithelium as cell life span is only 2-4days

25
Q

What is a paneth cell?

A

A cell that protects the stem cells of the crypts by secreting antibacterial proteins.

26
Q

Gastrin, CCK and secretin are all hormones that can be seen in the crypts and/or gastric pits and are examples of what cell type?

A

enteroendocrine

27
Q

Which diseases can destroy the crypts?

A

Inflammatory bowel disease

28
Q

What is crypt absess?

A

Neutrophils in the lumen

29
Q

Inflammation of the intestinal wall can also be called what?

A

Cryptitis

30
Q

List some glandular gut tissues.

A

Salivary galnds
Pancreas
Brunners glands

31
Q

Outline GI Gland structure

A

Acini or tubules- ducts

32
Q

What stimulates the exocrine pancreas?

A

CCK

33
Q

Tubules tend to secrete …. where as acidic tend to secrete …

A

mucous

serous

34
Q

What is the secretion classification of the salivary glands?

A

Mixed

35
Q

What is ulceration?

A

Erosion through the muscular mucosae

36
Q

Inability to tolerate gliadin is known as what condition?

A

Coeliac

37
Q

Coeliac disease leads to what?

A

Mucosa damage which intern leads to poor digestion and malabsorption

38
Q

List the strictures that make up the abdominal wall

A 
Skin 
Fascia/Fat (superficial and deep)
3 anterolateral muscle walls
Transversalis fascia 
peritoneum
39
Q

Name the anterolateral muscles

A 
External oblique (hands in pocket orientation)
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominus 
Rectus abdominus
40
Q

Which abdominal wall muscles have an aponeurosis?

A

external oblique, internal oblique and the transverse abdominus

41
Q

What do the lateral muscles aponeurosis do to the midline of rectus abdomens muscles?

A

envelope it

42
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

Arcuate line lies midway between umbilicus and pubic symphysis. It marks where the inferior epigastric vessel prices rectus abdominis
Above this line the internal oblique aponeurosis splits to envelope the rectus abdominis
Below the line all three lateral abdominal wall muscles aponeurosis run anterior to he rectus abdomens muscles

43
Q

What is the line alba?

A

The white line- midline of the rectus sheath

44
Q

A double fold of peritoneum connecting certain viscera to the posterior abdominal wall is known as a what?

A

Mesentry

45
Q

Which abdominal viscera have mesenteries?

A

Jejenum, Ileum, Appendix, Trnaverse colon, Sigmoid colon and rectum

46
Q

What is found in a mesentery?

A

Blood vessels
lymphatics
nerves
fat

47
Q

Double folds of peritoneum that connect viscera are called what?

A

Ligaments

48
Q

which two ligaments originate from the stomach?

A 
Gastrocholic ligament (stomach to transverse colon)
Gastrosplenic ligament (Stomach to spleen)
49
Q

The liver has two peritoneal ligaments that connect viscera to the abdominal wall, what are they?

A 
Falciform ligament (liver to ant abd wall)
Triangular ligament (liver to diaphragm)
50
Q

Which omenta hangs down form the greater curve of the stomach?

A

Greater

51
Q

the liver and the lesser curve of the stomach are connected by what?

A

the lesser omenta

52
Q

What is the purpose of the sphincters?

A

Divide the gut tube into functional areas and control flow between the functional areas and only let things flow in one direction.

53
Q

List the GI sphincters

A 
Upper oesophageal 
Lower oesophageal 
Pyloric sphincter 
Oddi 
Ileo-caecal valve
anal- internal and external
54
Q

which sphincters are voluntary?

A

upper oesphageal and the external anal sphincter

55
Q

describe the venous drainage of each embryological segment of the GI tract.

A

Foregut- portal vein
Midgut- superior mesenteric vein
Hindgut- Inferior mesenteric vein

all drain to portal sytem

56
Q

The coeliac trunk supplies blood to ….. structures.

The …. ….. artery supplies the midgut structures.

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies hind gut structures.

A

foregut

superior mesenteric

57
Q

Why do we send all venous blood form the Gi system to the liver?

A

Metabolise what we’ve absorbed.

Detoxification.

Year 2 Gastrointestinal (9 decks)

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