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Year 2 Gastrointestinal > Pancreas And Liver > Flashcards

Pancreas And Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Describe chyme

A

Low ph , partially digested hyper tonic solution that leaves the stomach

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2
Q

Which glands in the duodenum are protective against the acidic chyme?

A

Runners glands - secrete alkali mucous

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3
Q

Is the duodenum porous to water?

A

Yes its permeable and thus water moves from the ECF into the lumen because of the hypertonic chyme entering it

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4
Q

What happens to the hypertonicoty of the chyme in duodenum?

A

Enter hypertonic
Continuos digestion initially makes it more hypertonic
Duodenum being permeable to water lets water rush in
Leaves as an isotonic solution

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5
Q

Why is the chyme release into the duodenum regulated?

A

Water loss would be too high if we flooded the duodenum with hypertonic chyme. Lose ECF water to lumen and dehydrate if we didn’t regulate it,

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6
Q

List three functions of the diodenum

A

Deal with hypertonicicty
Deal with low pH
Digestive break down

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7
Q

What’s the action of CCK on the pancreas and the gallbladder?

A

Stimulates pancreas to release enzymes

Relaxes sphincter oddi and contracts hall bladded

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8
Q

What stimulates the pancreas to release aqueous bicarbonate?

A

Secretin

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9
Q

What stimulates CCK and secretin production

A

Chyme in the duodenum

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10
Q

What proportion of the pancreas is exocrine?

A

90%

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11
Q

How is the exocrine pancreas stimulated?

A

Gut hormones CCK and secretin

Autonomic (parasympathetic vagus nerve stimulates)

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12
Q

Which enzymes are released in an EPA tube form from the pancreatic acini?

A

Amylase and lipase

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13
Q

Protease are release in an …. form by the acini of the pancreas

A

Inactive

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14
Q

List the functional endocrine areas of the pancreas

A

Acini

Duct

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15
Q

What cells are seen in the exocrine pancreas?

A

Acinar cell, centroacinar cell

Terminal duct cell

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16
Q

Name the active form of pancreatic proteases

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Elastase
Carboxypeptidase

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17
Q

Self digestion of the pancreas is called…

A

Pancreatitis

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18
Q

What protects the pancreas from self digestion?

A

Proteases are stored as inactive. They are released in zymogen granules with will then only be activated in the intestinal lumen

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19
Q

Give on example of a zymogen

A

Tryosinohen

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20
Q

What is the function of the duct cells?

A

Produce aqueous and bicarbonate component of pancreatic secretions will neutralise the acidic chyme

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21
Q

How do pancreatic secretions reach the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic duct and ampulla of vater

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22
Q

Common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join to make the ?

A

Ampulla of ,

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23
Q

Gall stone in the ampulla of vater will block what?

A

Bile from gall bladder and pancreatic secretions (may lead to pancreatitis

24
Q

What makes bike salts and where are they stored?

A

The liver makes bile sats and they are stored in the gall bladder

25
Q

How much bike is secreted each day?

A

250ml- 1000 ml a day

26
Q

What is bile?

A

Bike acids
Bike pigments
Alkaline

27
Q

Does the liver hugest fat or secret things that do?

A

No, they do help preps the intestinal contents for fat digestion but they don’t actively make lipase

28
Q

How does bile help lipid digestion?

A

Fat emulsification for lipase action that have been secreted by the pancreas

29
Q

What’s the largest single organ of the body?

A

The liver

30
Q

Hepatocytes make up what percentage of the liver?

A

80%

31
Q

Microscopically describe the liver cells.

A

Lots of SER and RER
Lots of Golgi

(Metabolically active and makes lost of proteins and lipids for export)

32
Q

Where does all the blood from the gut drainto?

A

The liver by the portal vein

33
Q

What drains from the liver to the gut?

A

Bile

34
Q

The liver contains a lit of what fuel source?

A

Glycogen

35
Q

A hexagonal arrangement of cells, bile ducts and blood vessels are seen where and are called what?

A

The liver, called liver lobules

36
Q

What is at the centre of the liver lobule

A

Central draining vein

37
Q

What triad is found a the corner o the liver lobules?

A

Hepatic artery
Branch of portal vein
Bile duct

38
Q

What is the column channel that blood from the hepatic artery and branches of the portal vein will drain to Ina liver lobule?

A

Sinusoids

39
Q

What is the relationship between flow of blood and flow of bike slats in liver lobules?

A

Angiparallel

40
Q

What drains into bile ducts?

A

Bile canuliculi of liver lobules

41
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver?

A

Acinus (Not lobules which are purely structural)

42
Q

Are cells close to or far from the portal triad well oxygenated?

A

Close are better oxygenated

43
Q

Which hepatocytes are most prone to toxicity?

A

Zone 1 close to portal triad

44
Q

Which hepatocytes are at risk if ischaemia (most at risk)

A

Zone 3 hepatocytes deeper Ina lobule

45
Q

What’s is the function of the gal bladder?

A

Store bile. Concentrates and removes water which may lead to gall stones. Responsive to CCK

46
Q

Bile duct cells make ….

and bile acids are made by the ….

A

Alkaline juices

Hepatocytes

47
Q

Why conjugate bile acids with amino acids in the liver?

A

Helps fat emulsification

Note bile acid that is conjugated is called a bile salt

48
Q

Bike salsas are amphioathis which means?

A

They have a hydrophobic oartvand a hydrophikicnoart

49
Q

Why is lipid emulsification helpful?

A

Increase surface area for lipase action. Lipid arrives at duodenum as one big fat Globule

50
Q

As well as fat emulsification what else fo bike salts so with dietary fat

A

Form micelles around lipid derived digestive components ( vehicle of transportation to the gut wall by giving a hydrophilic layer outside it) then lipid will diffuse through. Bile sats stay in lumen

51
Q

Where are bike salts reabsorbed

A

Terminal ileum for recycling

52
Q

Fat in gut cell walls are rectified and make a ….. that will travel in lymphatic.

A

Chylomicrons

53
Q

Why do chylomicrons travel in lymphatics?

A

Too large to enter capillaries so travels by the lymphatics to the thoracic duct

54
Q

What’s steatorrhoea

A

Fatty stool- bike salt of pancreatic lipase secretion disrupting pathologies give this.

55
Q

Describe fat poo stool?

A

Yellow floating and very smelly

Year 2 Gastrointestinal (9 decks)

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