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Year 2 Gastrointestinal > Pancreas And Liver > Flashcards

Pancreas And Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Describe chyme

A

Low ph , partially digested hyper tonic solution that leaves the stomach

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2
Q

Which glands in the duodenum are protective against the acidic chyme?

A

Runners glands - secrete alkali mucous

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3
Q

Is the duodenum porous to water?

A

Yes its permeable and thus water moves from the ECF into the lumen because of the hypertonic chyme entering it

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4
Q

What happens to the hypertonicoty of the chyme in duodenum?

A

Enter hypertonic
Continuos digestion initially makes it more hypertonic
Duodenum being permeable to water lets water rush in
Leaves as an isotonic solution

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5
Q

Why is the chyme release into the duodenum regulated?

A

Water loss would be too high if we flooded the duodenum with hypertonic chyme. Lose ECF water to lumen and dehydrate if we didn’t regulate it,

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6
Q

List three functions of the diodenum

A

Deal with hypertonicicty
Deal with low pH
Digestive break down

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7
Q

What’s the action of CCK on the pancreas and the gallbladder?

A

Stimulates pancreas to release enzymes

Relaxes sphincter oddi and contracts hall bladded

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8
Q

What stimulates the pancreas to release aqueous bicarbonate?

A

Secretin

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9
Q

What stimulates CCK and secretin production

A

Chyme in the duodenum

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10
Q

What proportion of the pancreas is exocrine?

A

90%

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11
Q

How is the exocrine pancreas stimulated?

A

Gut hormones CCK and secretin

Autonomic (parasympathetic vagus nerve stimulates)

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12
Q

Which enzymes are released in an EPA tube form from the pancreatic acini?

A

Amylase and lipase

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13
Q

Protease are release in an …. form by the acini of the pancreas

A

Inactive

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14
Q

List the functional endocrine areas of the pancreas

A

Acini

Duct

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15
Q

What cells are seen in the exocrine pancreas?

A

Acinar cell, centroacinar cell

Terminal duct cell

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16
Q

Name the active form of pancreatic proteases

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Elastase
Carboxypeptidase

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17
Q

Self digestion of the pancreas is called…

A

Pancreatitis

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18
Q

What protects the pancreas from self digestion?

A

Proteases are stored as inactive. They are released in zymogen granules with will then only be activated in the intestinal lumen

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19
Q

Give on example of a zymogen

A

Tryosinohen

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20
Q

What is the function of the duct cells?

A

Produce aqueous and bicarbonate component of pancreatic secretions will neutralise the acidic chyme

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21
Q

How do pancreatic secretions reach the duodenum?

A

Pancreatic duct and ampulla of vater

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22
Q

Common bile duct and the pancreatic duct join to make the ?

A

Ampulla of ,

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23
Q

Gall stone in the ampulla of vater will block what?

A

Bile from gall bladder and pancreatic secretions (may lead to pancreatitis

24
Q

What makes bike salts and where are they stored?

A

The liver makes bile sats and they are stored in the gall bladder

25
How much bike is secreted each day?
250ml- 1000 ml a day
26
What is bile?
Bike acids Bike pigments Alkaline
27
Does the liver hugest fat or secret things that do?
No, they do help preps the intestinal contents for fat digestion but they don't actively make lipase
28
How does bile help lipid digestion?
Fat emulsification for lipase action that have been secreted by the pancreas
29
What's the largest single organ of the body?
The liver
30
Hepatocytes make up what percentage of the liver?
80%
31
Microscopically describe the liver cells.
Lots of SER and RER Lots of Golgi (Metabolically active and makes lost of proteins and lipids for export)
32
Where does all the blood from the gut drainto?
The liver by the portal vein
33
What drains from the liver to the gut?
Bile
34
The liver contains a lit of what fuel source?
Glycogen
35
A hexagonal arrangement of cells, bile ducts and blood vessels are seen where and are called what?
The liver, called liver lobules
36
What is at the centre of the liver lobule
Central draining vein
37
What triad is found a the corner o the liver lobules?
Hepatic artery Branch of portal vein Bile duct
38
What is the column channel that blood from the hepatic artery and branches of the portal vein will drain to Ina liver lobule?
Sinusoids
39
What is the relationship between flow of blood and flow of bike slats in liver lobules?
Angiparallel
40
What drains into bile ducts?
Bile canuliculi of liver lobules
41
What is the functional unit of the liver?
Acinus (Not lobules which are purely structural)
42
Are cells close to or far from the portal triad well oxygenated?
Close are better oxygenated
43
Which hepatocytes are most prone to toxicity?
Zone 1 close to portal triad
44
Which hepatocytes are at risk if ischaemia (most at risk)
Zone 3 hepatocytes deeper Ina lobule
45
What's is the function of the gal bladder?
Store bile. Concentrates and removes water which may lead to gall stones. Responsive to CCK
46
Bile duct cells make .... | and bile acids are made by the ....
Alkaline juices | Hepatocytes
47
Why conjugate bile acids with amino acids in the liver?
Helps fat emulsification Note bile acid that is conjugated is called a bile salt
48
Bike salsas are amphioathis which means?
They have a hydrophobic oartvand a hydrophikicnoart
49
Why is lipid emulsification helpful?
Increase surface area for lipase action. Lipid arrives at duodenum as one big fat Globule
50
As well as fat emulsification what else fo bike salts so with dietary fat
Form micelles around lipid derived digestive components ( vehicle of transportation to the gut wall by giving a hydrophilic layer outside it) then lipid will diffuse through. Bile sats stay in lumen
51
Where are bike salts reabsorbed
Terminal ileum for recycling
52
Fat in gut cell walls are rectified and make a ..... that will travel in lymphatic.
Chylomicrons
53
Why do chylomicrons travel in lymphatics?
Too large to enter capillaries so travels by the lymphatics to the thoracic duct
54
What's steatorrhoea
Fatty stool- bike salt of pancreatic lipase secretion disrupting pathologies give this.
55
Describe fat poo stool?
Yellow floating and very smelly

Year 2 Gastrointestinal (9 decks)

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