PURCOMM Flashcards
he proposed a paradigm of World Englishes (1982)
Braj Kachru
3 distinct groups in world englishes
inner circle - English as the first language
outer circle - English as the second language
expanding circle - English as the foreign language
5 dialectal variations
spelling
pronunciation
grammar
vocabulary
accent
combining English and Filipino language
Philippine English
define as “membership in a community or group that shares a common history, traditions, norms, and imaginings in a particular space”
culture
types of culture
monochronic vs polychronic
high-context and low-context
collectivism and individualism
do one thing at a time, take commitments seriously, show great respect for privacy, and are accustomed to short term relationships
monochronic
engage in multi-tasking, lend or borrow things easily , and have a strong tendency to build lifetime relationships
polychronic
emphasize “community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, tradition, the public good and maintaining face”
collectivism
give primacy to “personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voicing one’s opinion, freedom, innovation, and self-expression”
individualism
employ indirect communication strategies characterized by implicit verbal messages and subtle non-verbal behaviors
high-context
the messages are directly and clearly encoded
low-context
use of touch in communication
haptics
haptics can an either be ?
high-contact
low-contact
are associated with warmer countries over the equator
high-contact
are exhibited by cooler countries farther from the equator
low-contact
which requires understanding dominant cultural values and understanding how our own cultural values affect the way we perceive ourselves and others
intercultural communication
7 important actions as a key components of cultural diversity
- recognition of the abundant diversity of culture
- respect for the differences
- Acknowledging the validity of diff. cultural expressions and contributions
- valuing what other cultures offer
- encouraging the contribution of other groups
- empowering people to strengthen themselves and others to achieve their maximum potential by being critical of their own bias
- Celebrating rather than just tolerating the differences in order to bring about unity through diversity
the tendency or disposition to judge other people’s culture with disfavor and to considers one’s own as being superior to the other
ethnocentrism
violations in one’s culture practices
cultural taboos
the amount of space between speakers defines their relationship in terms of gender, age, and social status
personal space
he explains that every ‘sign’ (symbol) has two main components: the signifier and signified
Ferdinand de Saussere
Saussere 3 components?
signifier
sign
signified
which may be an object, word or an image refers to the material that is signified.
signifier
refers to the concept which the signifier refers to and this would be the meaning that is drawn by the receiver of the sign
signified
the object/thing
sign
which refers to an understanding that cultures vary and that these variances are not given labels as positive or negative, good or bad.
cultural sensitivity
SPEAKING model
S- setting and scene
P- participants
E- ends
A- acts sequence
K- cues
I- instrumentalities
N- norms of interaction and interpretation
G-genre