ITP - HEARING Flashcards
a unit expressing the frequency of a sound waves. One ____ equals one cycle per second.
Hertz (Hz)
A unit expressing the loudness of a sound
Decibels (dB)
Is the vibration of molecules in medium such as air or water
sound or auditory stimulation
2 psychological dimensions of a sound
Pitch
Loudness
is shaped and structured to capture sound waves, vibrate in sympathy with them.
ear
3 parts of the ear
outer
inner
middle
is shaped to funnel sound waves to the eardrum
Outer ear
three small bones
mallus - hammer
incus - anvil
stapes - stirrup
a thin membrane that vibrates in response to sound waves , and thereby transmits them to the middle and inner ears.
eardrum
contains the eardrum and three small bone, which also transmit sound by vibrating
middle ear
functions as an amplifier, increasing the pressure of the air entering the ear
middle ear
is attached to another vibrating membrane, the oval window
stirrup
Greek word for cochlea
snail
works in conjunction with the round window, which balances the pressure in the inner ear.
oval window
a membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea
basilar membrane
sometimes referred to as the “command post” of hearing. It is the receptor of hearing that lies on the basilar membrane in the cochlea
organ of the Corti
the inner ear, the bony tube that contains the basilar membrane and the organ of Corti
cochlea
the axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of Corti to the brain
auditory nerve
16, 000 receptors called _____. It dance in response to the vibrations of the basilar membrane
hair cells
three processes
Place theory
Frequency Theory
Volley Principle
Pitch is sensed according to place that vibrates
Place theory
he helped develop the place theory of pitch discrimination as well as the trichromatic theory of color vision.
Hermann von Helmholtz
Pitch perceived on stimulation of impulses that match the frequency of the sound
Frequency theory
Pitch is discriminated through alternate firing of neurons
Volley Principle
he found that receptors at diff sites along the membrane fire in response to tones of differing frequencies.
Georg von Bekesy
2 major types of Deafness
conductive deafness
sensorineural deafness
Damage to middle ear
Conductive deafness
Damage to inner ear or auditory nerve
Sensorineural deafness
are the chemical senses
smell and taste
may help with damage to inner ear, but not auditory nerve
Cochlear implants
a complex quality of food and other substances that is based on their odor, texture, and temperature as well as their taste
flavor
the nerve that transmits information concerning odors from olfactory nerve receptors to the brain
olfactory nerve
- trigger receptor neurons in olfactory membrane
-are sample molecules of substances in the air
Odors
receptor cells that are sensitive to taste
taste cells
is sensed through taste cells
Taste
our primary taste qualities
Sweet, sour, salty and bitter
fifth basic taste - savory
umami
the sensory organs for taste, they contain taste cells and are located mostly on the tongue
taste buds
means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object
active touching
Skin temperature increases
– receptors for warmth fire
Skin temperature decreases
– receptors for cold fire
pain results when neurons called _____ in the skin are stimulated
nociceptors
is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed
pain
Facilitate transmission of pain message to the brain and heighten circulation to the injured area
Prostaglandins
2 out of 3 combat veterans with amputated limbs report feeling pain in such missing limbs
Phantom Limb Pain
originated by Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall, the nervous system can process only a limited amount of stimulation at a time.
gate theory of pain
use of pins to diminish pain, possible because of stimulation of release of endorphins and cortisol
acupuncture
Sense that informs you about the position and motion of your body
Kinesthesis
Greek word of Kinesthesis
motion (kinesis)
perception (aisthesis)
is sent to the brain from sensory organs in joints, tendons and muscles
Sensory information
also referred to as parapsychological or psi phenomena
- refers to the perception of objects or events through means other than the recognized sensory neurons
ESP (extrasensory perception)
means standing alongside psychology, not being a part of psychology
parapsychological
refers to the transfer of information through an irregular or unusual process not through the usual senses
psi communication
“its craziness, pure craziness”
Psychologist Ray Hyman
2 concepts of associated with extrasensory perception
Precognition
Psychokinesis
2 other theoretical forms of ESP
TELEPATHY
CLAIRVOYANCE
Monitor your body’s motion and position in relation to gravity
Vestibular Sense
manipulating or moving objects
psychokinesis
able to perceive future events in advance
precognition
direct transmission of thoughts from one person to another
telepathy
perceptions of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs
clairvoyance
he use pack of 25 zener cards, which contained five sets of simple symbols.
Joseph Bank Rhine
Method for studying the existence of telepathy
Ganzfeld Procedure
