PURCOM MIDTERMS Flashcards by Joshua Enriquez

Wardhaugh defines it as “a specific set of linguistic items”
or “human speech patterns (sounds, words, grammatical
features) which can be associated with some external
factor (geographical area or a social group)

Language Varieties

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a new language which develops in situations where
speakers of different languages need to communicate
but don’t share a common language. The vocabulary
of a ________ comes mainly from one particular
language (called the ‘lexifier’)

Pidgin

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When children start learning a pidgin as their first
language and it becomes the mother tongue of a
community, it is called a ______. Like a pidgin, a ______
is a distinct language which has taken most of its
vocabulary from another language, the lexifier, but
has its own unique grammatical rules. Unlike a pidgin,
however, a ______ is not restricted in use, and is like
any other language in its full range of functions.
Examples are Gullah, Jamaican ______ and Hawai’i
______ English

Creole

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*Note that the words ‘______’ and ‘______’ are
technical terms used by linguists, and not
necessarily by speakers of the language. For
example, speakers of Jamaican Creole call their
language ‘Patwa’ (from patois) and speakers of
Hawai’i Creole English call theirs ‘Pidgin.’

Pidgin
Creole

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A ________ dialect is not a distinct language but a
variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a
country. Some ________ dialects have been given
traditional names which mark them out as being
significantly different from standard varieties spoken
in the same place

Regional Dialect

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____________ ________ are spoken mainly as second
languages in ex-colonies with multilingual
populations. The differences from the standard variety
may be linked to English proficiency, or may be part of
a range of varieties used to express identity. For
example, ‘Singlish’ (spoken in Singapore) is a variety
very different from standard English, and there are
many other varieties of English used in India

Indigenized Variety

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Sometimes members of a particular ________ ethnic
group have their own variety which they use as a
marker of identity, usually alongside a standard
variety. This is called a ________ dialect. Examples are
African American Vernacular English in the USA,
London Jamaican in Britain, and Aboriginal English in
Australia

Minority Dialect

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In every situation you encounter, you use speech appropriate
to the person to whom you are speaking and his or her context.
The language you use when talking to your friends is not the
same language you would use when meeting someone as
important as the president, boss or professor. This difference in
language formality is called register.

LANGUAGE REGISTERS

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is one complicating factor in any study of language varieties

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are sets of vocabulary items associated with discrete occupational or social groups.

Registers

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This style of communications rarely or never changes and does not require feedback. It is “frozen” in time and content. EXAMPLES: the Pledge of Allegiance; The Lord’s Prayer; the Wedding Vows; the Philippine
Constitution

Frozen Register

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This language is used in formal
settings. This use of language usually follows a
commonly accepted format. It is used in impersonal
and formal settings. EXAMPLES: Sermons;
Speeches; Oration; pronouncements made by judges.

Formal Register

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The users engage in a
mutually accepted structure of communications. It is
formal and societal expectations accompany the
users of this speech. It is a professional discourse.
EXAMPLES: communications between a superior and
a subordinate; doctor and patient; lawyer and client;
teacher and a student; parent and child.

Consultative Register

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This is informal language used by
peers and friends. Slang, vulgarities and
colloquialisms are normal. This is “group” language.
One must be a member to engage in this register.
EXAMPLES: Chats; Blogs;!letters to friends.

Casual Register

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This communication is private. It
is reserved for close family members or intimate
people and taking into the accounts of endearment in
a certain relationship or bond. EXAMPLES: husband
and wife, siblings, and parents.

Intimate Register

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is a dynamic convergence of two or more
communication modes within the same text. All modes are
attended to as part of meaning-making (The New London
Group, 1996). Examples: image, gesture, music, spoken
language, and written language

MULTIMODAL

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Promotes more interactivity
Portrays information in multiple ways
Adapts projects to benefit different audiences
Keeps focus better since more senses are being used to process information
Allows for more flexibility and creativity to present information

The Benefits of Multimodal Projects

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is the study of the process of making meaning from
signs. There are five semiotic systems in total-audio, gestural,
linguistic, spatial, and visual. Educators can help children learn
five semiotic systems to understand meaning from multimodal
texts and to create their own. These are Linguistic, Gestural,
Audio, Visual and Spatial (New London Group, 1996).

Semiotics (Systems)

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refers to all aspects of written and oral
language including features of delivery such as intonation and
stress, coherence, cohesion and other elements

Linguistics

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includes body positioning, facial expressions,
proxemics, gestures and similar elements.

Gestural

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includes sound effects, music, silence and associated features

Audio

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refers to symbols, images, colour, perspective and other
elements.

Visual

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elements are those conveying geographic and directional meaning.

Spatial

combines two or more semiotic systems
like picture book, in which the textual and visual elements are
arranged on individual pages that contribute to an overall set of
bound pages; webpage, in which elements such as sound
effects, oral language, written language, music and still or
moving images are combined; and live performance, in which
gesture, music, and space are the main elements.

Multimodal Text

(books, comics, posters)

Papers

(slide presentations, e-books, blogs, e-posters, web pages, and social media, through to animation, film and video games)

Digital

(a performance or an event)

Live

(story that is told using multiple delivery channels through a combination of media platforms, for example: book, comic, magazine, film, web series, and video game).

Transmedia

for spoken and written language through the use of vocabulary, generic structure and grammar.

WRITTEN OR LINGUISTIC

for music, sound effects, noises, ambient noise, and silence, through use of volume, pitch and rhythm.

AUDIO

for still and moving images through the use of color, saliency, page layouts, vectors, viewpoint, screen formats, visual symbols; shot framing, subject distance and angle; camera movement, subject movement.

VISUAL

for movement of body, hands and eyes; facial expression, demeanors, and body language, and use of rhythm, speed, stillness and angles.

GESTURAL

for environmental and architectural spaces and use of proximity, direction, layout, position of and organization of objects in space

SPATIAL

is substantial in constructing activities that go beyond print-based literacies (Harste, 2010). It recognizes that the digital media affordances make modes other than text increasingly valuable (Cope & Kalantzis, 2009). It also provides opportunities for students to bring existing literacies into the classroom (Mills, 2010; Curwood & Cowell, 2011).

MULTIMODALITY

comes in many shapes and sizes. It includes areas such as politics, history, faith, mentality, behaviour and lifestyle

CULTURE

combined with technology is called the backbone of social interaction

Communication

has become a standard form of business communication, particularly for short messages that require action. This allows you to take care of a lot of customers, as well as partners and other stakeholders without lengthy conversations. Modern software allows you to send the same email to all interested parties so that you can keep your message, name and products in the forefront of their minds.

has become the most personal form of business communication. The personal text number is reserved for a few close associates. Your communications by text tend to be more urgent than email. If a business is moving too slowly, you should examine whether you are taking full advantage of texting.

Texting

tends to be for longer discussions than texting. You can engage someone in another city, state or country in a conversation that can lead to a lucrative business deal. The advantage of this electronic conversation is that you can take time to think before you respond. Moreover, it is an application that can contribute to the success of a negotiation. In face-to-face conversations, it can be difficult to pause long enough to gather your thoughts.

Instant Messaging

- Social network sites such as Facebook and MySpace can be essential to getting your message out. You will have to adjust your communication style to a more informal approach. Friends can be gathered on these sites. These can also be a place to do relationship marketing. Instead of sales pitches, place messages on these sites that sound like you have a good deal for your friends.

Social Networking

The website Twitter allows you to broadcast very short messages called "tweets" to people who have elected to follow your posts. This is not the place for a long treatise. Instead, briefly refer to a new product, message or development a company is excited about. This may not result in immediate sales, but it will result in awareness of a company in the marketplace.

Tweeting

The word "blog" is short for "web log." These sites are often written by amateurs, but getting a blogger to review a product or service can be a good way to spread the word about small business. Contact bloggers by email, usually listed on their blogs, and ask them to take a look at your product or service. You can spread the word informally and quickly through this technology-based communication. Many companies, from sole proprietorships to large corporations, have established their own blogs as a primary communication channel to the public.

Blogs

When you want to convey your message with physical gestures and facial expressions, this form of technology can be an effective communication tool. Using video-conferencing can help save travel money. If you and another person both have cameras and the right software, you can see each other and talk to each other on your computers. This gives you the face-toface meeting you need without having to be in the same location.

Video Confronting

uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, animations, video and interactive content. Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope.

Multimedia

is a software package used to display information in the form of a slide show. It has three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images, and a slide-show system to display the content.

Presentation Program

differs from a normal presentation in that it contains some form of animation or media. Typically a multimedia presentation contains at least one of the following elements: Video or movie clip. Animation Sound (this could be a voice-over, background music or sound clips)

Multimedia Presentation

were created as a learning activity not long after the initial development of the world wide web. A WebQuest is an inquiry based activity that embeds the use of a variety of learning resources – with most being digital learning resources available on the internet. The inquiry activity may take the form of tasks such as a problem to be solved, a position to be taken, a product to be designed or a work to be created.

WebQuests

support knowledge construction by allowing learners to manipulate information and visualize information in different ways. The curriculum in History, Mathematics and Science includes learning elaborations that involve students collecting, organizing, analyzing and interpreting various forms of data and information.

Analysis and simulation tools

Journal writing has long been an activity utilized in the primary classroom. Journal writing allows students to reflect on what they are learning and how they are learning. This traditional, notebook-and-pencil activity can become digital when word processing software is used. Or it can go online as a blog. Blogs (a short form of the weblog) are personal journal websites on which a user can type an entry, add images, video and links to other websites. Readers of a blog usually can post comments. For primary school students, the use of blogs have been found to be an engaging and effective way to promote writing skills (Richardson, 2006), particularly when student peers provide feedback to the blog’s writer (Chen et al., 2011). It is exactly this feedback and sharing mechanism that makes the blog different to the traditional journal. In the notebook-and-pencil version, the contents of the journal are private to the student, apart from the teacher and whomever the student decides to share the journal with. With the blog, access can be provided to the teacher, the class, the student’s parents and the world.

Blogging

is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, animations, video and interactive content. ...Multimedia is distinguished from mixed media in fine art; by including audio, for example, it has a broader scope.

Multimedia

m is a software package used to display information in the form of a slide show. It has three major functions: an editor that allows text to be inserted and formatted, a method for inserting and manipulating graphic images, and a slide-show system to display the content.

presentation program

multimedia presentation

is defined in the Australian Curriculum as ‘the development and/or production of spoken, written or multimodal texts in print or digital forms’ and is an embedded literacy expectation across all disciplines.

Creating

is defined in the Australian Curriculum as the strategic use of ‘two or more communication modes‘ to make meaning, for example image, gesture, music, spoken language, and written language.

Multimodal

is a contested term and Henry Jenkins is worth reading for more background. Jenkins argues that transmedia is more than just multiple media platforms, it is about the logical relations between these media extensions which seek to add something to the story as it moves from one medium to another, not just adaptation or retelling. Transmedia enables the further development of the story world through each new medium; for example offering a back story, a prequel, additional ‘episodes’, or further insight into characters and plot elements. (Jenkins, 2011). It also can require a more complex production process.

Transmedia