Pulmonology Flashcards
alveolus
Hollow sphere of cells that expands and contracts with each breath. O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the alveolus and a nearby small blood vessel (capillary).
apex
the highest point, tip
bronchus
one of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs
bronchiole
small branch of a bronchus within lung
cilia
short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell
deoxygenated
Blood in the veins that is low in oxygen content.
diaphragm
a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities
epiglottis
lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
Eupneic
passing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normally
Exhalation
breathing out
Hilum
(anatomy) a depression or fissure where vessels or nerves or ducts enter a bodily organ
Inhalation
breathing in
Inspiration
the act of inhaling
Intercostal muscles
rib muscles, pull the ribs up and out. This enlarges the thoracic cavity and creates negative internal pressure that causes air to flow into the lungs.
Larynx
voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
Lobe
(anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part
Lumen
a cavity or passage in a tubular organ
Lung
either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates
Mediastinum
The part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus
Metabolism
set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
mucosa
The mucus-secreting epithelia that line the respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. The conjunctiva of the eye and the mammary glands are also in this category.
nasal cavity
hollow area inside the nose
oxygenated
Containing oxygen.
oxyhemoglobin
compound formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin
parenchyma
funtional part of the lung
parietal pleura
the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
pharynx
throat, throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
phrenic nerve
nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration
pleura
membrane surrounding the lungs
respiration
the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation
respiratory system
brings air into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, trachea, and lungs.
ribs
The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs.
septum
(anatomy) a dividing partition between two tissues or cavities
surfactant
a substance capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved
thoracic cavity
the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart
thorax
the part of the human body between the neck and the diaphragm or the corresponding part in other vertebrates
trachea
membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi
tracheobronchial tree
the structures of the trachea and the bronchi.
turbinates
Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane.
visceral pleura
Membrane that covers the lungs
asthma
lung disorder in which the bronchial tubes contract quickly and cause shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing; may occur as an allergic reaction
bronchitis
inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection in the lower lobes of the lung
rales
abnormal crackling sound made during inspiration
pleural friction rub
abnormal breath sound that is creaky and grating in nature and is heard on inspiration and expiration
rhonchi
continuous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large airways with secretions; most prominent on expiration; change often evident after coughing or suctioning.
stridor
high-pitched sound heard on inspiration; upper-airway sound indicating partial obstruction of the trachea or larynx
wheezes
Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing
adult respiratory distress syndrome
Loss of surfactant in alveoli due to severe respiratory infections or other sources of pulmonary injury, with resulting alveolar collapse
atelectasis
collapse of an expanded lung (especially in infants)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
cystic fibrosis
a human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consquent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated (4% whites are carriers - most common lethal genetic disease)
influenza
viral infection of the respiratory system characterized by chills, fever, body aches, and fatigue.
Reye Syndrome
Caused by using aspirin to relieve the symptoms of flu. Reason is not known. Causes very high level of ammonia in the blood and brain, with vomiting, seizures, and liver failure. Sometimes Fatal.
Empyema
a collection of pus in a body cavity (especially in the lung cavity)
Legionnair’s disease
Severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial infection that begins with flu-like symptoms, body aches, and fever, followed by severe pneumonia with possible liver and kidney degeneration.
lung cancer
malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi
occupational lung disease
Related to inhaling toxic gases or foreign particles
pneumonia
respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants
aspiration pneumonia
Pneumonia that can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
bacterial pneumonia
Pneumonia often caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination
broncho-pneumonia
Pneumonia that affects the bronchi, bronchioles, and the adjacent lung tissue and alveoli
double pneumonia
Pneumonia that involves both lungs
lobar pneumonia
pneumonia affecting one or more lobes of the lung
pneumococcal pnuemonia
Acute pneumonia caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
viral pneumonia
pneumonia caused by a virus
walking pneumonia
Mild form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
pulmonary edema
fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli, eventually flooding into the alveoli