Pulmonology Flashcards
(172 cards)
1
Q
alveolus
A
Hollow sphere of cells that expands and contracts with each breath. O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the alveolus and a nearby small blood vessel (capillary).
2
Q
apex
A
the highest point, tip
3
Q
bronchus
A
one of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs
4
Q
bronchiole
A
small branch of a bronchus within lung
5
Q
cilia
A
short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell
6
Q
deoxygenated
A
Blood in the veins that is low in oxygen content.
7
Q
diaphragm
A
a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities
8
Q
epiglottis
A
lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
9
Q
Eupneic
A
passing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normally
10
Q
Exhalation
A
breathing out
11
Q
Hilum
A
(anatomy) a depression or fissure where vessels or nerves or ducts enter a bodily organ
12
Q
Inhalation
A
breathing in
13
Q
Inspiration
A
the act of inhaling
14
Q
Intercostal muscles
A
rib muscles, pull the ribs up and out. This enlarges the thoracic cavity and creates negative internal pressure that causes air to flow into the lungs.
15
Q
Larynx
A
voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
16
Q
Lobe
A
(anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part
17
Q
Lumen
A
a cavity or passage in a tubular organ
18
Q
Lung
A
either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates
19
Q
Mediastinum
A
The part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus
20
Q
Metabolism
A
set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
21
Q
mucosa
A
The mucus-secreting epithelia that line the respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. The conjunctiva of the eye and the mammary glands are also in this category.
22
Q
nasal cavity
A
hollow area inside the nose
23
Q
oxygenated
A
Containing oxygen.
24
Q
oxyhemoglobin
A
compound formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin
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parenchyma
funtional part of the lung
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parietal pleura
the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
27
pharynx
throat, throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
28
phrenic nerve
nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration
29
pleura
membrane surrounding the lungs
30
respiration
the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation
31
respiratory system
brings air into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, trachea, and lungs.
32
ribs
The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs.
33
septum
(anatomy) a dividing partition between two tissues or cavities
34
surfactant
a substance capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved
35
thoracic cavity
the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart
36
thorax
the part of the human body between the neck and the diaphragm or the corresponding part in other vertebrates
37
trachea
membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi
38
tracheobronchial tree
the structures of the trachea and the bronchi.
39
turbinates
Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane.
40
visceral pleura
Membrane that covers the lungs
41
asthma
lung disorder in which the bronchial tubes contract quickly and cause shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing; may occur as an allergic reaction
42
bronchitis
inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes
43
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection in the lower lobes of the lung
44
rales
abnormal crackling sound made during inspiration
45
pleural friction rub
abnormal breath sound that is creaky and grating in nature and is heard on inspiration and expiration
46
rhonchi
continuous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large airways with secretions; most prominent on expiration; change often evident after coughing or suctioning.
47
stridor
high-pitched sound heard on inspiration; upper-airway sound indicating partial obstruction of the trachea or larynx
48
wheezes
Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing
49
adult respiratory distress syndrome
Loss of surfactant in alveoli due to severe respiratory infections or other sources of pulmonary injury, with resulting alveolar collapse
50
atelectasis
collapse of an expanded lung (especially in infants)
51
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
52
cystic fibrosis
a human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consquent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated (4% whites are carriers - most common lethal genetic disease)
53
influenza
viral infection of the respiratory system characterized by chills, fever, body aches, and fatigue.
54
Reye Syndrome
Caused by using aspirin to relieve the symptoms of flu. Reason is not known. Causes very high level of ammonia in the blood and brain, with vomiting, seizures, and liver failure. Sometimes Fatal.
55
Empyema
a collection of pus in a body cavity (especially in the lung cavity)
56
Legionnair's disease
Severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial infection that begins with flu-like symptoms, body aches, and fever, followed by severe pneumonia with possible liver and kidney degeneration.
57
lung cancer
malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi
58
occupational lung disease
Related to inhaling toxic gases or foreign particles
59
pneumonia
respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants
60
aspiration pneumonia
Pneumonia that can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
61
bacterial pneumonia
Pneumonia often caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination
62
broncho-pneumonia
Pneumonia that affects the bronchi, bronchioles, and the adjacent lung tissue and alveoli
63
double pneumonia
Pneumonia that involves both lungs
64
lobar pneumonia
pneumonia affecting one or more lobes of the lung
65
pneumococcal pnuemonia
Acute pneumonia caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
66
viral pneumonia
pneumonia caused by a virus
67
walking pneumonia
Mild form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
68
pulmonary edema
fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli, eventually flooding into the alveoli
69
pulmonary embolism
blockage of the pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by a blood clot
70
Sternal retractions
Sternum bends the flexible breast bone inwards
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Intercostal retractions
pull in the soft tissue between the ribs
72
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
acute viral respiratory infection that begins like the flu but quickly progresses to severe dyspnea
73
turberculosis
A contagious bacterial infection (Mycobacterium) that mainly involves the lungs, but may spread to other organs. *An invasive, debilitating infection caused by the acid-fast organism.
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hemothorax
accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
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pectus excavatum
congenital malformation of the chest wall characterized by a funnel-shaped depression of the lower end of the sternum and costal cartilages
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pleural effusion
escape of fluid into the pleural space as a result of inflammation
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pleurisy
increase of fluid pervades the pleural cavity, resulting in layers adhering to each other.
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pneumothorax
Accumulation of air in the pleural space
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apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing
80
bradypnea
slow breathing
81
cough
the act of exhaling air suddenly with a noise
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dyspnea
difficult or labored respiration
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orthopnea
severe dyspnea in which breathing is very difficult in any position other than sitting erect or standing
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tachypnea
fast breathing
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anoxia
ABSENCE OF OXYGEN IN THE BODY
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asphyxia
Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
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Sudden infant death syndrome
completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well, or virtually well, infant. The most common cause of death between the second week and first year of life (crib death).
88
cyanosis
a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
89
hypercapnia
the presence of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the circulating blood
90
hypoxemia
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
91
arterial blood gases
measurement of the pH level and the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in arterial blood
92
carboxyhemoglobin
measures carbon monoxide poisoning..tx for the CO out by using hyperbaric chamber
93
pulmonary function test
breathing equipment used to determine respiratory function and measure lung volumes and gas exchange
94
spirometry
portion of pulmonary function testing that is a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
95
pulse oximetry
a noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the fingertip
96
sputum culture and sensitivity
testing sputum by placing it on a culture medium and observing any bacterial growth, the specimen is then tested to determine antibiotic effectiveness
97
tuberculosis test
Intradermal test using purified proteins derivative to test for either dormant or active tuberculois
98
mantoux test
Intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen
99
Chest radiography
helps in the diagnosis of large variety of pulmonary problems, including pneumonia, lung cancer, emphysema, TB, and pulmonary edema
100
CT scan
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body.
101
MRI scan
uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue
102
lung scan
also known as a V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) scan, records the emissions from radioisotopes that indicate how well gas and blood are traveling through the lungs
103
auscultation
listening to sounds within the body (usually with a stethoscope)
104
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
emergency procedure consisting of artificial ventilation and external cardiac massage
105
endotracheal intubation
the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway
106
laryngoscope
a medical instrument for examining the larynx
107
heimlich maneuver
procedure that removes food or other obstacles from a choking person's airway
108
incentive spirometry
common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and repeatedly sustain an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
109
oxygen therapy
this an intervention for administering more oxygen that than is present in the atmophere to prevent or relieve hypxemia. requieres flow meter, and oxygen analzyer or humiffier and an oxygen delievery device
110
vital signs
Determinations that provide information about body conditions; include temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure
111
bronchoscopy
the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
112
chest tube insertion
Surgical procedure that uses a clear plastic tube inserted between the ribs into the thoracic cavity to remove air or blood due to trauma or infection.
113
Lung resection
Used to remove small, peripherally located benign primary tumors, or for localized inflammatory disease, and to aid in diagnosis of chronic diffuse lung disease.
114
thoracocentesis
removal of fluid from the chest by centesis for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
115
tracheostomy
a surgical operation that creates an opening into the trachea with a tube inserted to provide a passage for air
116
antibiotic drug
a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections
117
antitubercular drug
Treats tuberculosis
118
antitussive drug
suppresses cough
119
Bronchodilator drug
used to relieve bronchospasm associated with respiratory disorders (asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphazema)
120
chemotherapy drug
a drug that is used to treat cancer
122
corticosteroid drug
a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as a anti-inflammatory and as an immunosuppressant
123
expectorant drug
reduces thickness of mucus so u can cough productively
124
leukotriene receptor blockers
used for the treatment and management of asthma.
125
mast cell stabilizer drug
Stabilize mast cells in the respiratory tract and prevent them from releasing histamine that causes bronchospasm during an allergic reaction.
126
conchae
another word for turbinates
127
mucus
Traps inhaled dust, pollen, smoke, and bacteria.
128
Thoracotomy
Incision into the thoracic cavity. First step of a surgical procedure involving the thoracic cavity and lungs.
129
Oxygen Therapy-Nasal cannula
Oxygen face mask.
130
Ambu Bag
Hand held squeeze bag used to manually breathe for a patient for a temporary time.
131
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Sever pneumoniea caused by the fungus pneumocystis jiroveci. Most people are infected with this microorganism in childhood. Causes mild infection and then lies dormant in small cysts. In patients with AIDS emerges from the cysts and causes disease.
133
Respiratory Control Centers
In the brain. Regulates the depth and rate of respiration. Sends nerve impulses to the phrenic nerve causing the diaphragm to contract.
134
Respiratory System
Consists of the right and left lungs and air passageways that connect the lungs to the outside of the body.
135
Purpose of the Respiratory System
Bring O2 into the body and expel CO2.
136
ABG
Arterical Blood gases
137
AFB
Acid Fast Bacillus
138
A&P
Auscultation and Percussion
139
ARDS
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
140
BS
Breath Sounds
141
C&S
Culture and Sensitivity
142
CF
Cystic Fibrosis
143
CO
Carbon Monoxide
144
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
145
CPAP
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
146
CPR
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
147
CXR
Chest X-ray
148
DOE
Dyspnea On Exertion
149
ETT
Endotracheal Tube
150
FEV1
Froced Expiratory Volume (in 1 second)
151
FiO2
Fraction (percentage ) of inspired oxygen.
152
FVC
Forced Vital Capacity
153
HMD
Hyaline Membrane Disease
154
LLL
Left Lower Lobe
155
LUL
Left Upper Lobe
156
MDI
Metered-Dose Inhaler
157
PCO2
Partial Pressure of CO2.
158
PCP
Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia.
159
PFT
Pulmonary Function Test
160
PND
Paroxysmal Noctural Dyspnea
161
PO2
Partial Pressure of Oxygen.
162
PPD
Protein Purified Derivative.(TB test);
164
RA
Room Air (no supplemental oxygen.
165
RDS
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
166
RLL
Right Lower Lobe
167
RML
Right Middle Lobe
168
RRT
Registered Respiratory Therapist
169
RUL
Right Upper Lobe
170
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
171
SOB
Shortness of Breath
172
TB
Tuberculosis
173
TPR
Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration
174
URI
Upper Respiratory Infection
175
V/Q
Ventilation Perfusion (Scan)
