Pulmonology Flashcards
alveolus
Hollow sphere of cells that expands and contracts with each breath. O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the alveolus and a nearby small blood vessel (capillary).
apex
the highest point, tip
bronchus
one of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs
bronchiole
small branch of a bronchus within lung
cilia
short, hair-like structures made of microtubules that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell
deoxygenated
Blood in the veins that is low in oxygen content.
diaphragm
a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities
epiglottis
lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
Eupneic
passing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normally
Exhalation
breathing out
Hilum
(anatomy) a depression or fissure where vessels or nerves or ducts enter a bodily organ
Inhalation
breathing in
Inspiration
the act of inhaling
Intercostal muscles
rib muscles, pull the ribs up and out. This enlarges the thoracic cavity and creates negative internal pressure that causes air to flow into the lungs.
Larynx
voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
Lobe
(anatomy) a somewhat rounded subdivision of a bodily organ or part
Lumen
a cavity or passage in a tubular organ
Lung
either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates
Mediastinum
The part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus
Metabolism
set of chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes
mucosa
The mucus-secreting epithelia that line the respiratory, intestinal, and urogenital tracts. The conjunctiva of the eye and the mammary glands are also in this category.
nasal cavity
hollow area inside the nose
oxygenated
Containing oxygen.
oxyhemoglobin
compound formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin
parenchyma
funtional part of the lung
parietal pleura
the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
pharynx
throat, throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
phrenic nerve
nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration
pleura
membrane surrounding the lungs
respiration
the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation
respiratory system
brings air into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, trachea, and lungs.
ribs
The bones in the chest that protect the heart and lungs.
septum
(anatomy) a dividing partition between two tissues or cavities
surfactant
a substance capable of reducing the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved
thoracic cavity
the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart
thorax
the part of the human body between the neck and the diaphragm or the corresponding part in other vertebrates
trachea
membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi
tracheobronchial tree
the structures of the trachea and the bronchi.
turbinates
Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane.
visceral pleura
Membrane that covers the lungs
asthma
lung disorder in which the bronchial tubes contract quickly and cause shortness of breath, wheezing, or coughing; may occur as an allergic reaction
bronchitis
inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes
bronchiectasis
chronic dilation of a bronchus secondary to infection in the lower lobes of the lung
rales
abnormal crackling sound made during inspiration
pleural friction rub
abnormal breath sound that is creaky and grating in nature and is heard on inspiration and expiration
rhonchi
continuous rumbling, snoring, or rattling sounds from obstruction of large airways with secretions; most prominent on expiration; change often evident after coughing or suctioning.
stridor
high-pitched sound heard on inspiration; upper-airway sound indicating partial obstruction of the trachea or larynx
wheezes
Continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing
adult respiratory distress syndrome
Loss of surfactant in alveoli due to severe respiratory infections or other sources of pulmonary injury, with resulting alveolar collapse
atelectasis
collapse of an expanded lung (especially in infants)
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
cystic fibrosis
a human genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele for a chloride channel protein; characterized by an excessive secretion of mucus and consquent vulnerability to infection; fatal if untreated (4% whites are carriers - most common lethal genetic disease)
influenza
viral infection of the respiratory system characterized by chills, fever, body aches, and fatigue.
Reye Syndrome
Caused by using aspirin to relieve the symptoms of flu. Reason is not known. Causes very high level of ammonia in the blood and brain, with vomiting, seizures, and liver failure. Sometimes Fatal.
Empyema
a collection of pus in a body cavity (especially in the lung cavity)
Legionnair’s disease
Severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial infection that begins with flu-like symptoms, body aches, and fever, followed by severe pneumonia with possible liver and kidney degeneration.
lung cancer
malignant tumor arising from the lungs and bronchi
occupational lung disease
Related to inhaling toxic gases or foreign particles
pneumonia
respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants
aspiration pneumonia
Pneumonia that can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
bacterial pneumonia
Pneumonia often caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, only form of pneumonia that can be prevented through vaccination
broncho-pneumonia
Pneumonia that affects the bronchi, bronchioles, and the adjacent lung tissue and alveoli
double pneumonia
Pneumonia that involves both lungs
lobar pneumonia
pneumonia affecting one or more lobes of the lung
pneumococcal pnuemonia
Acute pneumonia caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae.
viral pneumonia
pneumonia caused by a virus
walking pneumonia
Mild form of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
pulmonary edema
fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli, eventually flooding into the alveoli
pulmonary embolism
blockage of the pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by a blood clot
Sternal retractions
Sternum bends the flexible breast bone inwards
Intercostal retractions
pull in the soft tissue between the ribs
Severe acute respiratory syndrome
acute viral respiratory infection that begins like the flu but quickly progresses to severe dyspnea
turberculosis
A contagious bacterial infection (Mycobacterium) that mainly involves the lungs, but may spread to other organs. *An invasive, debilitating infection caused by the acid-fast organism.
hemothorax
accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity
pectus excavatum
congenital malformation of the chest wall characterized by a funnel-shaped depression of the lower end of the sternum and costal cartilages
pleural effusion
escape of fluid into the pleural space as a result of inflammation
pleurisy
increase of fluid pervades the pleural cavity, resulting in layers adhering to each other.
pneumothorax
Accumulation of air in the pleural space
apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing
bradypnea
slow breathing
cough
the act of exhaling air suddenly with a noise
dyspnea
difficult or labored respiration
orthopnea
severe dyspnea in which breathing is very difficult in any position other than sitting erect or standing
tachypnea
fast breathing
anoxia
ABSENCE OF OXYGEN IN THE BODY
asphyxia
Condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
Sudden infant death syndrome
completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently well, or virtually well, infant. The most common cause of death between the second week and first year of life (crib death).
cyanosis
a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes
hypercapnia
the presence of an abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the circulating blood
hypoxemia
deficient amount of oxygen in the blood
arterial blood gases
measurement of the pH level and the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in arterial blood
carboxyhemoglobin
measures carbon monoxide poisoning..tx for the CO out by using hyperbaric chamber
pulmonary function test
breathing equipment used to determine respiratory function and measure lung volumes and gas exchange
spirometry
portion of pulmonary function testing that is a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
pulse oximetry
a noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the fingertip
sputum culture and sensitivity
testing sputum by placing it on a culture medium and observing any bacterial growth, the specimen is then tested to determine antibiotic effectiveness
tuberculosis test
Intradermal test using purified proteins derivative to test for either dormant or active tuberculois
mantoux test
Intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen
Chest radiography
helps in the diagnosis of large variety of pulmonary problems, including pneumonia, lung cancer, emphysema, TB, and pulmonary edema
CT scan
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body.
MRI scan
uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue
lung scan
also known as a V/Q (ventilation/perfusion) scan, records the emissions from radioisotopes that indicate how well gas and blood are traveling through the lungs
auscultation
listening to sounds within the body (usually with a stethoscope)
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
emergency procedure consisting of artificial ventilation and external cardiac massage
endotracheal intubation
the passage of a tube through the nose or mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway
laryngoscope
a medical instrument for examining the larynx
heimlich maneuver
procedure that removes food or other obstacles from a choking person’s airway
incentive spirometry
common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the patient to inhale and repeatedly sustain an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
oxygen therapy
this an intervention for administering more oxygen that than is present in the atmophere to prevent or relieve hypxemia. requieres flow meter, and oxygen analzyer or humiffier and an oxygen delievery device
vital signs
Determinations that provide information about body conditions; include temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure
bronchoscopy
the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
chest tube insertion
Surgical procedure that uses a clear plastic tube inserted between the ribs into the thoracic cavity to remove air or blood due to trauma or infection.
Lung resection
Used to remove small, peripherally located benign primary tumors, or for localized inflammatory disease, and to aid in diagnosis of chronic diffuse lung disease.
thoracocentesis
removal of fluid from the chest by centesis for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
tracheostomy
a surgical operation that creates an opening into the trachea with a tube inserted to provide a passage for air
antibiotic drug
a chemical substance derivable from a mold or bacterium that kills microorganisms and cures infections
antitubercular drug
Treats tuberculosis
antitussive drug
suppresses cough
Bronchodilator drug
used to relieve bronchospasm associated with respiratory disorders (asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphazema)
chemotherapy drug
a drug that is used to treat cancer
corticosteroid drug
a hormone-like preparation administered primarily as a anti-inflammatory and as an immunosuppressant
expectorant drug
reduces thickness of mucus so u can cough productively
leukotriene receptor blockers
used for the treatment and management of asthma.
mast cell stabilizer drug
Stabilize mast cells in the respiratory tract and prevent them from releasing histamine that causes bronchospasm during an allergic reaction.
conchae
another word for turbinates
mucus
Traps inhaled dust, pollen, smoke, and bacteria.
Thoracotomy
Incision into the thoracic cavity. First step of a surgical procedure involving the thoracic cavity and lungs.
Oxygen Therapy-Nasal cannula
Oxygen face mask.
Ambu Bag
Hand held squeeze bag used to manually breathe for a patient for a temporary time.
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Sever pneumoniea caused by the fungus pneumocystis jiroveci. Most people are infected with this microorganism in childhood. Causes mild infection and then lies dormant in small cysts. In patients with AIDS emerges from the cysts and causes disease.
Respiratory Control Centers
In the brain. Regulates the depth and rate of respiration. Sends nerve impulses to the phrenic nerve causing the diaphragm to contract.
Respiratory System
Consists of the right and left lungs and air passageways that connect the lungs to the outside of the body.
Purpose of the Respiratory System
Bring O2 into the body and expel CO2.
ABG
Arterical Blood gases
AFB
Acid Fast Bacillus
A&P
Auscultation and Percussion
ARDS
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome; Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
BS
Breath Sounds
C&S
Culture and Sensitivity
CF
Cystic Fibrosis
CO
Carbon Monoxide
COPD
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
CPAP
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure
CPR
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
CXR
Chest X-ray
DOE
Dyspnea On Exertion
ETT
Endotracheal Tube
FEV1
Froced Expiratory Volume (in 1 second)
FiO2
Fraction (percentage ) of inspired oxygen.
FVC
Forced Vital Capacity
HMD
Hyaline Membrane Disease
LLL
Left Lower Lobe
LUL
Left Upper Lobe
MDI
Metered-Dose Inhaler
PCO2
Partial Pressure of CO2.
PCP
Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia.
PFT
Pulmonary Function Test
PND
Paroxysmal Noctural Dyspnea
PO2
Partial Pressure of Oxygen.
PPD
Protein Purified Derivative.(TB test);
RA
Room Air (no supplemental oxygen.
RDS
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
RLL
Right Lower Lobe
RML
Right Middle Lobe
RRT
Registered Respiratory Therapist
RUL
Right Upper Lobe
SARS
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
SOB
Shortness of Breath
TB
Tuberculosis
TPR
Temperature, Pulse, and Respiration
URI
Upper Respiratory Infection
V/Q
Ventilation Perfusion (Scan)
