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Medical > Osteology > Flashcards

Osteology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

appendicul/o

A

limb; small attached part

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2
Q

axi/o

A

axis

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3
Q

articul/o

A

joint

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4
Q

arthr/o

A

joint

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5
Q

a-

A

away from; without

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6
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

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7
Q

align/o

A

arranged in a straight line

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8
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

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9
Q

ankyl/o

A

fused together; stiff

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10
Q

alg/o

A

pain

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11
Q

amputate/o

A

to cut off

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12
Q

amput/o

A

to cut of

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13
Q

aut/o

A

self

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14
Q

all/o

A

other; strange

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15
Q

-ation

A

a process; being or having

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16
Q

an-

A

without

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17
Q

anti-

A

against

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18
Q

bunion/o

A

bunion

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19
Q

coron/o

A

structure that encircles (crown)

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20
Q

crani/o

A

cranium (skull)

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21
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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22
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

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23
Q

cartilagin/o

A

cartilage

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24
Q

cervic/o

A

neck; cervix

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25
Q

caccyg/o

A

coccyx (tail bone)

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26
Q

clavicul/o

A

clavicle (collar bone)

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27
Q

carp/o

A

wrist

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28
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex (outer region)

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29
Q

comminute/o

A

break into small pieces

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30
Q

compress/o

A

press together

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31
Q

congenit/o

A

present at birth

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32
Q

corpor/o

A

body

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33
Q

diaphys/o

A

shaft of a bone

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34
Q

dactyl/o

A

finger or toe

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35
Q

de-

A

reversal of

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36
Q

dextr/o

A

right

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37
Q

dis-

A

away from

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38
Q

densit/o

A

densitry

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39
Q

ethm/o

A

sieve

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40
Q

-ed

A

pertaining to

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41
Q

extra-

A

outside of

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42
Q

-ee

A

person who is the object of an action

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43
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical incision

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44
Q

extern/o

A

outside

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45
Q

front/o

A

front

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46
Q

femor/o

A

femur (thigh bone)

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47
Q

fibul/o

A

fibula (lower leg bone)

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48
Q

fract/o

A

break up

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49
Q

fixat/o

A

to make stable or still

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50
Q

glen/o

A

socket of a joint

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51
Q

gen/o

A

arising from; produced by

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52
Q

gener/o

A

production; creation

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53
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

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54
Q

-gram

A

a record or picture

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55
Q

goni/o

A

angle

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56
Q

-graft

A

tissue for implant or transplant

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57
Q

humer/o

A

humerus (upper arm bone)

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58
Q

hy/o

A

u-shaped structure

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59
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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60
Q

ili/o

A

ilium (hip bone; renal pelvis)

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61
Q

ischi/o

A

ischium (hip bone)

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62
Q

-ia

A

condition; state; thing

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63
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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64
Q

-ion

A

action; condition

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65
Q

-itis

A

inflammation of; infection of

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66
Q

-ization

A

process of making, creating, or inserting

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67
Q

intra-

A

within

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68
Q

inflammat/o

A

redness and warmth

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69
Q

kyph/o

A

bent; humpbacked

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70
Q

lacrim/o

A

tears

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71
Q

ligament/o

A

ligament

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72
Q

lord/o

A

swayback

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73
Q

lev/o

A

left

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74
Q

locat/o

A

place

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75
Q

mascul/o

A

muscle

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76
Q

mandibul/o

A

mandible (lower jaw)

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77
Q

maxilla/o

A

maxilla (upper jaw)

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78
Q

mast/o

A

breast; mastoid process

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79
Q

medull/o

A

medulla (inner region)

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80
Q

mal-

A

bad; inadequate

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81
Q

-ment

A

action; state

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82
Q

malac/o

A

softening

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83
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord; myelin

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84
Q

mineral/o

A

mineral; electrolyte

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85
Q

-metry

A

process of measuring

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86
Q

-meter

A

instrument used to measure

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87
Q

nas/o

A

nose

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88
Q

necr/o

A

dead cells, tissues, or body

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89
Q

non-

A

not

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90
Q

osse/o

A

bone

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91
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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92
Q

occipit/o

A

occiput (occipital; back of the head)

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93
Q

ossificat/o

A

changing into bone

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94
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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95
Q

-osis

A

condition; abnormal condition; process

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96
Q

-osing

A

a condition of doing

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97
Q

-olishthesis

A

abnormal condition with slipping

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98
Q

-oid

A

resembling

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99
Q

orth/o

A

straight

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100
Q

palat/o

A

palate

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101
Q

pariet/o

A

wall of a cavity

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102
Q

pelv/o

A

pelvis (hip bone; renal pelvis)

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103
Q

pub/o

A

pubis (hip bone)

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104
Q

perone/o

A

fibula (lower leg bone)

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105
Q

patell/o

A

patella (kneecap)

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106
Q

path/o

A

disease; suffering

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107
Q

por/o

A

small openings; pores

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108
Q

-pathy

A

disease; suffering

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109
Q

physic/o

A

body

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110
Q

presthet/o

A

artificial part

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111
Q

-plasty

A

process of reshaping by surgery

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112
Q

radi/o

A

radius (forearm bone); x-rays; radiation

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113
Q

rheumat/o

A

water discharge

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114
Q

reduct/o

A

to bring back; decrease

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115
Q

re-

A

again and again; backward; unable to

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116
Q

skelet/o

A

skeleton

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117
Q

sagitt/o

A

going from front to back

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118
Q

sphen/o

A

wedge shaped

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119
Q

styl/o

A

stake

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120
Q

stern/o

A

sternum (breast bone)

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121
Q

sacr/o

A

sacrum

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122
Q

spin/o

A

spine; backbone

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123
Q

synovi/o

A

synovium (membrane)

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124
Q

scoli/o

A

curved; crooked

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125
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

126
Q

scint/i

A

point of light

127
Q

-scopy

A

process of using an instrument to examine

128
Q

sorb/o

A

to suck up

129
Q

-steroid

A

steroid

130
Q

steroid/o

A

steroid

131
Q

termor/o

A

temple (side of the head)

132
Q

thorac/o

A

thorax (chest)

133
Q

tars/o

A

ankle

134
Q

trans-

A

across; through

135
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

136
Q

tom/o

A

cut; slice; layer

137
Q

tract/o

A

pulling

138
Q

transplant/o

A

move something to another place

139
Q

-tome

A

instrument used to cut; area with distinct edges

140
Q

-tion

A

a process; being or having

141
Q

uln/o

A

ulna (forearm bone)

142
Q

-ure

A

sytsem; result of

143
Q

vertebr/p

A

vertebra

144
Q

vascul/o

A

blood vessel

145
Q

-verse

A

to travel; to turn

146
Q

xiph/o

A

sword

147
Q

acetabulum

A

Cup-shaped deep socket in the hip bone that is formed by the ilium and the pubic bone. It is where the head of the femur fits to make the hip joint.

148
Q

articular cartilage

A

cartilage covering the ends of two bones that make up a synovial joint.

149
Q

calcaneus

A

Largest of the ankle bones. It is also known as the heel bone.

150
Q

carpal bones

A

The eight small bones of the wrist joint

151
Q

carp/o-

A

wrist

152
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

Vertebrae C1-C7 of the vertebral column in the neck.

153
Q

atlas

A

C1

154
Q

axis.

A

C2

155
Q

cervic/o-

A

CF-neck; cervix

156
Q

clavicle

A

Rodlike bone along each shoulder; joins with the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion of the scapula.

157
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone

158
Q

coccyx

A

Group of several small, fused vertebrae inferior to the sacrum; tail bone.

159
Q

cranium

A

Dome-like bone at the top of the head that contains the cranial cavity and the brain and other structures.

160
Q

diaphysis

A

The straight shaft of a long bone

161
Q

epiphysis

A

One of the two widened ends of a long bone. It contains the epiphyseal plate where bone growth takes place.

162
Q

femur

A

Longest bone in body; upper leg; thigh bone.

163
Q

fibula

A

Thinner of the two bones in the lower leg, located on the little toe side.

164
Q

foramen

A

A hole in a bone

165
Q

hallux

A

The great toe.

166
Q

humerus

A

Long bone of the upper arm.The head fits into the glenoid fossa of the scapula to make the shoulder joint.

167
Q

ilium

A

Most superior hip bone. It has a broad, flaring iliac crest. Posteriorly each joins the sacrum, and contains the acetabulum, the deep socket of the hip joint.

168
Q

intervertebral disk

A

circular disks with two flat surfaces; Disk between two vertebrae.

169
Q

joint

A

Area where two bones come together. It is also known as an articulation.

170
Q

articulation

A

Area where two bones come together. It is also known as a joint

171
Q

articul/o-

A

CF -joint

172
Q

ligament

A

Fibrous bands that hold two bone ends together in a synovial joint. Stps bones from moving too much or in the wrong direction

173
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

Vertebrae L1-L5 of the vertebral column in the lower back.

174
Q

lumb/o-

A

CF -lower back; area between the ribs and pelvis

175
Q

mandible

A

Facial bone that is the lower jaw and contains the roots of the lower teeth; the only movable bone in the skull; forms a joint in front of the ear with the temporal bone.

176
Q

maxillary bones

A

Two of these fused together form the facial bone that is the immovable upper jaw bone.

177
Q

meniscus

A

Crescent shaped cartilage pad found in some synovial joints such as the knee.

178
Q

metacarpal bones

A

The five bones of the hand, one corresponding to each finger; distal to the carpal bones and proximal to the phalanges.

179
Q

metatarsal bones

A

The five bones of the midfoot, one corresponding to each toe; distal to the ankle bones and proximal to the phalanges.

180
Q

patella

A

Thick, round bone anterior to the knee joint; the kneecap.

181
Q

periosteum

A

Thick, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of a bone.

182
Q

oste/o-

A

CF -bone

183
Q

phalanx

A

One of the individual bones of a finger or toe.

184
Q

digit

A

finger

185
Q

ray

A

toe

186
Q

radius

A

Forearm bone located along the thumb side of the lower arm.

187
Q

rib

A

one of twelve pairs of bones that form the sides of the thorax.

188
Q

cost/o-

A

CF- rib

189
Q

sacrum

A

Group of five fused vertebrae inferior to the lumbar vertebrae.

190
Q

scapula

A

Triangular shaped bone on each side of the upper back; shoulder blade.

191
Q

sternum

A

Vertical bone of the anterior thorax to which the clavicle and ribs are attached; breast bone.

192
Q

synovial joint

A

A fully movable joint.two types

193
Q

hinge joint

A

elbow and knee; synovial joint

194
Q

ball and socket

A

shoulder and hip;synovial joint

195
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Vertebrae T1-T12 of the vertebral column in the area of the chest; joins with one pair of ribs.

196
Q

thorac/o-

A

CF -thorax (chest)

197
Q

thorax

A

Bony cage of the chest that contains the thoracic cavity with the heart, lungs, and other structures; the rib cage.

198
Q

Tibia

A

Large, weight bearing bone of the lower leg located on the great toe side; shin bone

199
Q

ulna

A

Forearm bone located along the little finger side of the lower arm.

200
Q

olecranon

A

point of the elbow is a large, square, bony projection on the proximal end.

201
Q

chondroma

A

Benign tumor of the cartilage.

202
Q

fracture

A

Broken bone due to an accident, injury, or disease process. Categorized according to how the bone breaks.

203
Q

pathologic fracture

A

A fracture caused by a disease process such as osteoporosis, bone caner, or metasteses to the bone.

204
Q

closed fracture

A

Any fracture in which the bone does not break through the overlying skin.

205
Q

open fracture

A

Any fracture in which the bone breaks through the overlying skin; compound fracture.

206
Q

compound fracture

A

Any fracture in which the bone breaks through the overlying skin. AKA: open fracture

207
Q

Colles’ fracture .

A

Distal radius is broken by falling onto an outstretched hand

208
Q

comminuted fracture

A

Bone is crushed into several small pieces

209
Q

compression fracture

A

Vertebrae are compressed together when a person falls onto the buttocks or when a vertebra collapses in on itself because of disease.

210
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone is broken on only one side. This occurs in children because part of the bone is still flexible cartilage.

211
Q

osteomalacia

A

Abnormal softening of the bones due to a deficiency of vitamin D in the diet or inadequate exposure to the sun whose rays make vitamin D in the skin.

212
Q

malac/o-

A

CF -softening

213
Q

Axial skeleton

A

bones of the head, chest and spine

214
Q

myel/o-

A

CF -bone marrow: spinal cord: myelin

215
Q

osteoporosis .

A

Abnormal thinning of the bone structure

216
Q

kyphosis

A

Abnormal, excessive posterior curvature of the thoracic spine; humpback or hunchback.

217
Q

lordosis

A

Abnormal, excessive anter curavture of the lumbar spine; swayback

218
Q

scoliosis

A

Abnormal, excessive, C-shpaed or S-shaped lateral curvature of the spine.

219
Q

arthralgia

A

Pain in the joint from injury, inflammation, or infection from various causes

220
Q

dislocation

A

Displacement of the end of a bone from its normal position within a joint.

221
Q

gout

A

Metabolic disorder that occurs most often in men. There is a high level of uric acid in the blood.

222
Q

Lyme disease

A

Arthritis caused by a bacterium in the bite of an infected deer tick.

223
Q

osteoarthritis

A

Degenerative joint disease; Chronic inflammatory disease of the joints, particularly the large weight-bearing joints (knees, hips) and joints that move repeatedly. (shoulders, neck, hands)

224
Q

degenerative joint disease (DJD)

A

osteoarthritis

225
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

Acute and chronic inflammatory disease of connective tissue, particularly of the joints. An autoimmune disorder in which the patient’s own antibodies attack cartilage and connective tissue.

226
Q

sprain

A

Overstretching or tearing of a ligament around a joint.

227
Q

hallux valgus

A

Deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes.

228
Q

osteoma

A

a benign tumor of the bone.

229
Q

osteosarcoma

A

Malignant bone tumor in which osteoblasts, the cells that form new bone, multiply uncontrollably; osteogenic sarcoma

230
Q

osteogenic

A

pertaining to arising from the bone

231
Q

sarcoma

A

tumor or mass of connective tissue

232
Q

rheumatoid factor (RF)

A

Blood test that is usually positive in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

233
Q

arthrography

A

Procedure that uses a radiopaque contrast dye that is injected into a joint.

234
Q

arthrogram

A

x-ray, CT, or MRI image done with an arthrography.

235
Q

bone density test

A

Procedure that measures the bone mineral density (BMD) to determine if demineralization from osteoporosis has occured.

236
Q

DEXA scan

A

Bone density test that uses two x-ray beams with different energy levels to create a two-dimensional image.

237
Q

closed reduction

A

Procedure in which manual manipulation of a displaced fracture is performed so that the bone ends go back into normal alignment without the need for surgery.

238
Q

prosthesis

A

Orthopedic device such as an artifical leg for a patient who has had an amputation of a limb

239
Q

amputation

A

Procedure to remove all or part of an extremity because of trauma, cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus.

240
Q

arthrocentesis

A

Procedure to remove an accumulation of fluid from an injured joint by using a needle inserted into the joint space. Also done to inject a drug to control inflammation and pain.

241
Q

arthrodesis

A

Procedure to fuse the bones in a degenerated, unstable joint.

242
Q

arthroscopy

A

Procedure that uses an arthroscope inserted into the joint to visualize structures inside the joint.

243
Q

bone graft

A

Procedure that uses whole bone or bone chips to repair fractures with extensive bone loss or defects due to bone cancer

244
Q

bunionectomy

A

Procedure to remove the prominent part of the metatarsal bone that is causing a bunion.

245
Q

joint replacement surgery

A

Procedure to replace a joint that has been destroyed by disease or osteoarthritis; arthroplasty

246
Q

arthroplasty

A

joint replacement surgery

247
Q

AKA

A

Above the Knee Amputation

248
Q

BKA

A

Below the Knee Amputation

249
Q

DEXA

A

Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry

250
Q

DIP

A

Distal InterPhalangeal (joint)

251
Q

DJD

A

Degenerative Joint Disease

252
Q

Fx

A

Fracture

253
Q

LLE

A

Left Lower Extremity

254
Q

LUE

A

Left Upper Extremity

255
Q

NSAID

A

NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug

256
Q

OA

A

OsteoArthritis

257
Q

PIP

A

Proximal InterPhalangeal (joint)

258
Q

RA

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis

259
Q

RLE

A

Right Lower ExtremityROM Range Of Motion

260
Q

RUE

A

Right Upper Extremity

261
Q

THR

A

Total Hip Replacement

262
Q

Ribs number

A

12 pairs

263
Q

True Ribs

A

(1-7)Attached to the vertebrae posteriorly & the sternum anteriorly

264
Q

False Ribs

A

(8-10) Attached to the vertebrae posteriorly & sternum indirectly by cartiledge

265
Q

Floating Rib

A

Pairs 11 & 12

266
Q

Cartilage

A

strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone

267
Q

fossa

A

shallow bone impression where the head of the humerus joins the scapula to make the shoulder joint

268
Q

Iliac crest

A

superior flaring part of the hip bone

269
Q

Ischium

A

most inferior of the hip bone

270
Q

synovial joint

A

joint that is fully movable

271
Q

suture joint

A

between cranial bone; immovable

272
Q

symphysis joint

A

between vertebrae; slightly movable

273
Q

osteoclasts

A

A bone cell that breaks down substances

274
Q

osteoblasts

A

deposit new bone tissue in those areas of osteoclast removed; immature bone cell

275
Q

osteocytes

A

A bone cell that maintains the minimal content

276
Q

Cancellous bone

A

spongy bone in the epiphyses(end) of long bones filled with red marrow-skull, clavicle, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, & hip

277
Q

Cortical bone

A

dense compact weight bearing bone along the diaphysis or shaft of a long bone

278
Q

Osteoporpsis treatment

A

bone density test; drug to decrease rate of bone resorption; drug to activate estradiol receptors; Calcium supplement

279
Q

Corticosteroid

A

decrease severe inflammation, treat rheumatoid arthritis and some can be given by intra-articular injection into the joint.

280
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

bones of the shoulders, arms, hips, & legs

281
Q

Nucleous pulpous

A

geletinous substance between the intervertebral disks; used for cushioning

282
Q

Glenoid

A

socket of a joint

283
Q

Greater trochanter

A

fits into the ilium at the acetabulum

284
Q

ileum

A

third part of the small intestine; vitamin B absorption

285
Q

axi/o-

A

CF- axis

286
Q

cervic/o-

A

CF -neck; cervix

287
Q

glen/o-

A

CF -socket of a joint

288
Q

articul/o-

A

CF- joint

289
Q

oste/o-

A

CF-bone

290
Q

-clast

A

S-cell that breaks down substances

291
Q

-blast

A

S-immature cell

292
Q

por/o-

A

CF-small openings; pores

293
Q

malac/o-

A

CF-softening

294
Q

Chondr/o-

A

CF-cartilage

295
Q

myel/o-

A

CF-bone marrow; spinal cord

296
Q

epiphys/o-

A

CF-growth area on the end of a bone

297
Q

ili/o-

A

ilium-hip bone

298
Q

strain

A

over stretch tendon

299
Q

arthralgia

A

condition of joint pain

300
Q

hemarthrosis

A

blood in the joint cavity from trauma or a wound

301
Q

corticosteroid drugs

A

used to suppress inflammation

302
Q

Arthrodesis

A

surgical procedure to fuse the bones;

303
Q

-desis

A

S-procedure to fuse together and last

304
Q

Reduct/o-

A

CF-to bring back; decrease

305
Q

orth/o-

A

CF-straight

306
Q

myel/o-

A

CF- bone marrow

307
Q

-trophy

A

S-process of development

308
Q

-rrhaphy

A

S-to suture together

309
Q

my/p-

A

CF- muscle

310
Q

-plasty

A

CF- surgical repair

311
Q

scoli/o-

A

CF- curved

Medical (8 decks)

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