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Hematology CF Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

a-

A

away from, without

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2
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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3
Q

agglutin/o

A

clumping, sticking

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4
Q

aggreg/o

A

crowding together

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5
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

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6
Q

an-

A

without, not

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7
Q

angi/o

A

blood vessel; lymphatic vessel

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8
Q

anis/o

A

unequal

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9
Q

-ant

A

pertaining to

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10
Q

anti-

A

against

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11
Q

apher/o

A

withdrawal

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12
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

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13
Q

-ase

A

enzyme

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14
Q

aspir/o

A

to breathe in, to suck in

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15
Q

-ate

A

composed of; pertaining to

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16
Q

-ated

A

pertaining to a condition; composed of

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17
Q

-atic

A

pertaining to

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18
Q

-ation

A

a process; being or having

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19
Q

attenu/o

A

weakened

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20
Q

auto-

A

self

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21
Q

bas/o

A

basic (alkaline)

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22
Q

bi/o

A

life; living organisms

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23
Q

-blast

A

immature cell

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24
Q

-body

A

structure or thing

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25
Q

calc/o

A

calcium

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26
Q

chrom/o

A

color

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27
Q

coagul/o

A

clotting

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28
Q

compromis/o

A

exposed to danger

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29
Q

cortic/o

A

cortex (outer region)

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30
Q

-crasia

A

a mixing

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31
Q

cyt/o

A

cell

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32
Q

defici/o

A

lacking, inadequate

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33
Q

different/o

A

being distinct, different

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34
Q

dissect/o

A

to cut apart

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35
Q

dissemin/o

A

widely scattered throughout the body

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36
Q

dys-

A

painful, difficult, abnormal

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37
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical excision

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38
Q

-ed

A

pertaining to

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39
Q

-edema

A

swelling

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40
Q

electr/o

A

electricity

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41
Q

embol/o

A

embolus (occluding plug)

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42
Q

-emia

A

condition of the blood, substance in the blood

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43
Q

-ency

A

condition of being

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44
Q

endo-

A

innermost

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45
Q

eosin/o

A

eosin (acidic red dye)

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46
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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47
Q

-esis

A

condition

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48
Q

excis/o

A

to cut out

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49
Q

ferrit/o

A

iron

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50
Q

ferr/o

A

iron

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51
Q

fibrin/o

A

fibrin

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52
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

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53
Q

fus/o

A

pouring

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54
Q

-gen

A

that which produces

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55
Q

gen/o

A

arising from; produced by

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56
Q

glob/o

A

shaped like a globe; comprehensive

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57
Q

globul/o

A

shaped like a globe

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58
Q

-gram

A

a record or picture

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59
Q

granul/o

A

granule

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60
Q

-graphy

A

the process of recording

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61
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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62
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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63
Q

heter/o

A

other

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64
Q

hyper-

A

above; more than normal

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65
Q

hypo-

A

below; deficient

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66
Q

-ia

A

condition, state, thing

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67
Q

-iac

A

pertaining to

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68
Q

-ial

A

pertaining to

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69
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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70
Q

idi/o

A

unknown; individual

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71
Q

-immune

A

immune response

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72
Q

immun/o

A

immune response

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73
Q

-in

A

substance

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74
Q

inhibit/o

A

block; hold back

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75
Q

inter-

A

between

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76
Q

intra-

A

within

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77
Q

-ion

A

action; condition

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78
Q

-ism

A

process; disease from a specific cause

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79
Q

-ist

A

one who specializes in

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80
Q

-ity

A

state; condition

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81
Q

-ization

A

process of making, creating, or inserting

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82
Q

kary/o

A

nucleus

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83
Q

-kine

A

movement

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84
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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85
Q

log/o

A

word; the study of

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86
Q

-logy

A

the study of

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87
Q

lymph/o

A

lymph, lymphatic system

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88
Q

ly/o

A

break down, separate, dissolve

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89
Q

-lysis

A

process of breaking down or dissolving

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90
Q

-lyte

A

dissolved substance

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91
Q

macr/o

A

large

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92
Q

meg/a

A

large

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93
Q

megal/o

A

large

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94
Q

-megaly

A

enlargement

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95
Q

micr/o

A

small

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96
Q

mon/o

A

one, single

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97
Q

morph/o

A

shape

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98
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow; spinal cord; myelin

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99
Q

neutr/o

A

not taking part

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100
Q

norm/o

A

normal, usual

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101
Q

nucle/o

A

nucleus

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102
Q

-oid

A

resembling

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103
Q

-oma

A

tumor, mass

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104
Q

opportun/o

A

well timed, taking advantage of

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105
Q

-opsy

A

the process of viewing

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106
Q

-or

A

person or thing that produces or does

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107
Q

-osis

A

condition, abnormal condition

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108
Q

-ous

A

pertaining to

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109
Q

ox/y

A

oxygen

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110
Q

pan-

A

all

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111
Q

path/o

A

disease, suffering

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112
Q

-pathy

A

disease, suffering

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113
Q

-penia

A

condition of deficiency

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114
Q

peripher/o

A

outer aspects

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115
Q

-phage

A

thing that eats

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116
Q

phag/o

A

eating, swallowing

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117
Q

-phil

A

attraction to, fondness for

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118
Q

Agranulocyte

A

catagory of leukocytes with few or no granules in the cytoplasm. it includes lymphocytes and monocytes.

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119
Q

Albumin

A

Monst abundant plasma protein. Plasma protiens contribute to the osmotic pressure of the blood

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120
Q

band

A

Immature neutrophil in the blood. It has a nucleus shaped like a curved band. It is also known as a stab.

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121
Q

basophil

A

Typer of leukocyte. It is catergorized as a granulocyte because granules in its cytoplasm stain dark blue to purple with basic dye. Basophils release histamine and herparin at the site of tissure injury. AKA basos

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122
Q

blood

A

type of connective tissue that contains formed elements, water, protiens, and clotting factors. The blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste oriducts of metabolism.

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123
Q

electrolytes

A

Chemical structures that carry a positive or negative electrical charge

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124
Q

eosinophil

A

type of leukoocyte. It is categorized as a granulocyte because granules in cytoplasm stain bright pink to red with eosin dye. the nucleus has 2 lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy foreign cells. They also release chemicals to kill parasites. AKA eos.

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125
Q

erythropoientin

A

hormone produced by the kidneys that increase the rate at which erythrocytes are produced and mature.

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126
Q

erythrocyte

A

a mature red blood cell. it is a very immature form that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow. it matures into a normoblast, which becomes a retuculocyte, a nearly mature erthrocyte that is released into the blood. an erythrocyte has no nucleus, and they contain hemoglobin

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127
Q

granulocyte

A

category of leukocyte with large granules in the cytoplasm.

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128
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process be which blood cells are formed in the red marrow.

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129
Q

hemoglobin

A

substance in an erythrocyte that contains a heme molecule and globin chains. the heme molecule contains iron that gives erythrocytes their red color.

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130
Q

leukocyte

A

a white blood cell

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131
Q

lymphocyte

A

second most abundant leukocyte, but the smallest in size. ut us catergorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. the cytoplasm is only a thin ring next to the round nucleus.

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132
Q

monocyte

A

The largest leukocyte. it is categorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. its nucleus is shaped like a kidney bean.

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133
Q

myeloblast

A

a very immature cell that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow.

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134
Q

myelocyte

A

immature cell that comes from a myeblast in red marrow.

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135
Q

neutrophil

A

most numerous typer of leukocyte. it is categorized as a granulocyte because the granules in its cytoplasm do not easily stain red or blue, but remain neutral in color. the nucleus has several segmented lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria

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136
Q

plasma

A

clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood that carries formed elements and contains dissolved substances.

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137
Q

Rh blood group

A

category of blood type. when the Rh factor is present, the blood is Rh positive, without it is Rh negative.

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138
Q

stem cell

A

extremely immature cell in the red marrow that is the precursor to all types of blood cells

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139
Q

thrombocyte

A

a platelet.

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140
Q

aggregation

A

process of platelets sticking to a damaged blood vessel wall and forming clumps

141
Q

clotting factors

A

a series of 12 substances that are released either from platelets of injured tissue or are produces by the liver. they actuvate each other in a series of steps that form fibrin strands that trap erythrocytes and form a blood clot.

142
Q

coagulation

A

formation of a blood cloth by platelets, erythrocytes, and clotting factors

143
Q

fibrin

A

strands formed by the activation of clotting factors. it traps erythrocytes to form a blood clot

144
Q

Fibrinogen

A

blood clotting factor 2. it is activated just before the thrombus is formed

145
Q

serum

A

fluid portion of the plasma that remains after the clotting factors are activated to form a blood clot

146
Q

thromboplastin

A

blodd clotting factor 3. it is also known as the tissue factor because it is released when tissue is injured.

147
Q

thrombus

A

Blood clot.

148
Q

active immunity

A

the bodys continuing immune response and defense against pathogens it has seen before.

149
Q

antibody

A

produced by a B cell when it becomes a plasma cell. AKA immunoglobulin

150
Q

antigen

A

protein maker on the cell membrane if an erythrocyte that indicates the blood type. also a protien maker on the cell wall of a pathogen or on a cancerous cell that allows the immune sytem to recognize it as forein.

151
Q

B celll

A

type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow of the bone. that are actuvated by macrophages and become plasma cells that make antibodys. also activate helper T cells.

152
Q

complement protiens

A

group of nine proteins in the plasma that are actuvated by the presence of bacterium, virus, or parasite. they kill it by drilling holes in it. also cause basophils to release histamine where the tissue has been damaged.

153
Q

cytokines

A

chemicals released by damaged tissues. they call leukocytes to the damaged area.

154
Q

endotoxin

A

toxic substance produced by some bacteria. it acts as a poison in the body causing chills, fever, and shock.

155
Q

histamine

A

release by basophils. it dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow to damaged tissue, which produces redness. it also allows protein molecules to leak out of blood vessels into the tissue, which produces edema (swelling)

156
Q

IgA

A

Immunglobulin A. Antibody present in body secreations and on the surface of the skin. It gives passive immunity to a breastfeeding infant.

157
Q

IgD

A

Immunglobulin D. Antibody present on the surface of B cells. It stimulates the Bcell to become a plasma cell.

158
Q

IgE

A

Immunoglobulin E. antibody present on the surface of basophils. It causes them to release histamine and heparin during inflammatory and allergic reactions.

159
Q

IgG

A

Immunoglobulin G. Antiboyd that is produced by plasma cells in the second time a specific pathogen enters the body. It forns the basis for active immunity. It is the smallest of all the ummunoglobulins, but also the most abundant. During pregnancy, it crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to the fetus.

160
Q

IgM

A

Immunoglobulin M. antibody that is produced by plasma cells during the initial exposure to a pathogen. It also reacts to incompatable blood types during a blood transfusion. it is the largest of the ummunoglobulin.

161
Q

immune responce

A

coordinated effort between the blood and lymphatic system to identify and destroy invading microorganisms and foreign particles, or cancerous cells produced within the body.

162
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies.

163
Q

interferferon

A

substance released by macrophages that have engulfed a virus. it stumulates other cells to produce an antiviral substance that prevents the virus from entering them to reproduce itself.

164
Q

interleukin

A

substance released by macrophages that stumulates B cell and T cell lymphocytes and activates NK cells. it also produces fever.

165
Q

lymph

A

fluid that flows through the lymphatic system.

166
Q

lymph nodes

A

small, encapsulated piece of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels. macrophages in it destroy microorganisms and cancerous cells in the lymph fluid.

167
Q

lymphatic system

A

body system that includes a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues.

168
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

vessels that begin as capillaries, carry lymph, continue through lymph nodes, and empty into the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.

169
Q

macriohage

A

A large monocyte in the lymph nodes, intestine, liver,pancreas, thymus, spleen, bone, or skin

170
Q

natural killer (NK) cell

A

Type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow and, without the help of antibodies or complement proteins, recognizes and destroys pathogens.

171
Q

passive immunity

A

immune response and defense against pathogens that is conveyed by the mother’s antibodies to the fetus via the placenta and via colostrum to the breastfeeding baby. these maternal antibodies provide protection from all the diseases the mother has had.

172
Q

pathogen

A

microorganism that causes a disease. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, as well as plant cells such as fungi or yeast

173
Q

phagocyte

A

type of leukocyte that engulfs foreign cells and cellular debris and destroys them with digestive enzymes.

174
Q

spleen

A

lymphoid organ located in the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. it destroys old erythrocytes, breaking their hemoglobin into heme and globin chains. it also acts as a storage area for whole blood.

175
Q

T cells

A

type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus

176
Q

thymus

A

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum. as an endocrine gland, it secretes thymosins, which are hormones that cause lymphoblasts in the thymus to mature into T cells lymphocytes

177
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

substance that destroys endotoxins produced by certain bacteria. It also destroys cancerous cells.

178
Q

plasma

A

straw colored; liquid portion of blood

179
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells that cary oxygen to tissues

180
Q

thrombocytes

A

platelets; required for normal blood clotting

181
Q

neutrophils

A

white blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria

182
Q

lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies or other substances toxic to microorganisms

183
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process by which blood cells are formed in the red marrow

184
Q

active immunity

A

body’s response to pathogens it has seen before

185
Q

passive immunity

A

transfer of mother’s antibodies through the placenta to the fetus

186
Q

blood dyscrasia

A

any disease condition involving blood cells

187
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

188
Q

septicemia

A

severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood

189
Q

aplastic anemia

A

anemia caused by failure of the bone marrow to produce erythrocytes because it has been damaged

190
Q

iron deficiency anemia

A

anemia caused by a deficiency of iron

191
Q

pernicious anemia

A

anemia caused by lack of vitamin b12 or intrinsic factor in the stomach

192
Q

polycythemia vera

A

increased number of red blood cells due to uncontrolled production by the red marrow; causing increased thickness of the blood

193
Q

thalassemia

A

inherited genetic abnormality that affects the synthesis of the globin chains in hemoglobin

194
Q

transfusion reaction

A

reaction that occurs when a patient receives a transfusion with an incompatible blood type

195
Q

AIDS

A

severe infection caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

196
Q

Leukemia

A

cancer of the leukocytes

197
Q

mononucleosis

A

infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus

198
Q

multiple myeloma

A

cancer of the plasma cells that produce antibodies

199
Q

deep vein thrombosis

A

a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the lower legs; often after surgery or in patients on bedrest

200
Q

hemophilia

A

inherited genetic abnormality that causes a lack or a deficiency of a specific clotting factor

201
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

deficiency in the number of thrombocytes due to exposure to radiation, chemicals, or drugs that damage stem cells in the bone marrow

202
Q

lymphadenopathy

A

enlarged lymph nodes

203
Q

lymphoma

A

cancerous tumor of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes (Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s)

204
Q

splenomegaly

A

enlargement of the spleen

205
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

disease in which the body makes antibodies against its own tissues

206
Q

ABO

A

blood type matched before transfusion

207
Q

CBC

A

complete blood count to determine number, type, and characteristics of cells

208
Q

Hct

A

hematocrit; red blood cell percent volume in whole blood

209
Q

Hgb

A

hemoglobin; carries oxygen to the tissues

210
Q

PT

A

prothrombin time; evaluates the effectiveness of coumadin

211
Q

PTT

A

partial thromboplastin time; evaluates clot formation and effectiveness of heparin

212
Q

Rh

A

causes hemolytic disease of the newborn

213
Q

erythropoietin

A

hormone produced by the kidneys that increases the rate erythrocytes are produced and matured

214
Q

Vitamin b12

A

used to treat pernicious anemia

215
Q

protease inhibitors

A

slow the replication of HIV

216
Q

pathogen

A

a disease producing microorganism

217
Q

ABO blood group

A

Catagory that includes blood types A, B, AB, and O. Blood typers are hereditary. Each blood type has antigens on its erythrocytes and antibodies in its plasma against other blood types.

218
Q

Agranulocyte

A

catagory of leukocytes with few or no granules in the cytoplasm. it includes lymphocytes and monocytes.

219
Q

Albumin

A

Monst abundant plasma protein. Plasma protiens contribute to the osmotic pressure of the blood

220
Q

band

A

Immature neutrophil in the blood. It has a nucleus shaped like a curved band. It is also known as a stab.

221
Q

basophil

A

Typer of leukocyte. It is catergorized as a granulocyte because granules in its cytoplasm stain dark blue to purple with basic dye. Basophils release histamine and herparin at the site of tissure injury. AKA basos

222
Q

blood

A

type of connective tissue that contains formed elements, water, protiens, and clotting factors. The blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste oriducts of metabolism.

223
Q

electrolytes

A

Chemical structures that carry a positive or negative electrical charge

224
Q

eosinophil

A

type of leukoocyte. It is categorized as a granulocyte because granules in cytoplasm stain bright pink to red with eosin dye. the nucleus has 2 lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy foreign cells. They also release chemicals to kill parasites. AKA eos.

225
Q

erythropoientin

A

hormone produced by the kidneys that increase the rate at which erythrocytes are produced and mature.

226
Q

erythrocyte

A

a mature red blood cell. it is a very immature form that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow. it matures into a normoblast, which becomes a retuculocyte, a nearly mature erthrocyte that is released into the blood. an erythrocyte has no nucleus, and they contain hemoglobin

227
Q

granulocyte

A

category of leukocyte with large granules in the cytoplasm.

228
Q

hematopoiesis

A

process be which blood cells are formed in the red marrow.

229
Q

hemoglobin

A

substance in an erythrocyte that contains a heme molecule and globin chains. the heme molecule contains iron that gives erythrocytes their red color.

230
Q

leukocyte

A

a white blood cell

231
Q

lymphocyte

A

second most abundant leukocyte, but the smallest in size. ut us catergorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. the cytoplasm is only a thin ring next to the round nucleus.

232
Q

monocyte

A

The largest leukocyte. it is categorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. its nucleus is shaped like a kidney bean.

233
Q

myeloblast

A

a very immature cell that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow.

234
Q

myelocyte

A

immature cell that comes from a myeblast in red marrow.

235
Q

neutrophil

A

most numerous typer of leukocyte. it is categorized as a granulocyte because the granules in its cytoplasm do not easily stain red or blue, but remain neutral in color. the nucleus has several segmented lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria

236
Q

plasma

A

clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood that carries formed elements and contains dissolved substances.

237
Q

Rh blood group

A

category of blood type. when the Rh factor is present, the blood is Rh positive, without it is Rh negative.

238
Q

stem cell

A

extremely immature cell in the red marrow that is the precursor to all types of blood cells

239
Q

thrombocyte

A

a platelet.

240
Q

aggregation

A

process of platelets sticking to a damaged blood vessel wall and forming clumps

241
Q

clotting factors

A

a series of 12 substances that are released either from platelets of injured tissue or are produces by the liver. they actuvate each other in a series of steps that form fibrin strands that trap erythrocytes and form a blood clot.

242
Q

coagulation

A

formation of a blood cloth by platelets, erythrocytes, and clotting factors

243
Q

fibrin

A

strands formed by the activation of clotting factors. it traps erythrocytes to form a blood clot

244
Q

Fibrinogen

A

blood clotting factor 2. it is activated just before the thrombus is formed

245
Q

serum

A

fluid portion of the plasma that remains after the clotting factors are activated to form a blood clot

246
Q

thromboplastin

A

blodd clotting factor 3. it is also known as the tissue factor because it is released when tissue is injured.

247
Q

thrombus

A

Blood clot.

248
Q

active immunity

A

the bodys continuing immune response and defense against pathogens it has seen before.

249
Q

antibody

A

produced by a B cell when it becomes a plasma cell. AKA immunoglobulin

250
Q

antigen

A

protein maker on the cell membrane if an erythrocyte that indicates the blood type. also a protien maker on the cell wall of a pathogen or on a cancerous cell that allows the immune sytem to recognize it as forein.

251
Q

B celll

A

type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow of the bone. that are actuvated by macrophages and become plasma cells that make antibodys. also activate helper T cells.

252
Q

complement protiens

A

group of nine proteins in the plasma that are actuvated by the presence of bacterium, virus, or parasite. they kill it by drilling holes in it. also cause basophils to release histamine where the tissue has been damaged.

253
Q

cytokines

A

chemicals released by damaged tissues. they call leukocytes to the damaged area.

254
Q

endotoxin

A

toxic substance produced by some bacteria. it acts as a poison in the body causing chills, fever, and shock.

255
Q

histamine

A

release by basophils. it dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow to damaged tissue, which produces redness. it also allows protein molecules to leak out of blood vessels into the tissue, which produces edema (swelling)

256
Q

IgA

A

Immunglobulin A. Antibody present in body secreations and on the surface of the skin. It gives passive immunity to a breastfeeding infant.

257
Q

IgD

A

Immunglobulin D. Antibody present on the surface of B cells. It stimulates the Bcell to become a plasma cell.

258
Q

IgE

A

Immunoglobulin E. antibody present on the surface of basophils. It causes them to release histamine and heparin during inflammatory and allergic reactions.

259
Q

IgG

A

Immunoglobulin G. Antiboyd that is produced by plasma cells in the second time a specific pathogen enters the body. It forns the basis for active immunity. It is the smallest of all the ummunoglobulins, but also the most abundant. During pregnancy, it crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to the fetus.

260
Q

IgM

A

Immunoglobulin M. antibody that is produced by plasma cells during the initial exposure to a pathogen. It also reacts to incompatable blood types during a blood transfusion. it is the largest of the ummunoglobulin.

261
Q

immune responce

A

coordinated effort between the blood and lymphatic system to identify and destroy invading microorganisms and foreign particles, or cancerous cells produced within the body.

262
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies.

263
Q

interferferon

A

substance released by macrophages that have engulfed a virus. it stumulates other cells to produce an antiviral substance that prevents the virus from entering them to reproduce itself.

264
Q

interleukin

A

substance released by macrophages that stumulates B cell and T cell lymphocytes and activates NK cells. it also produces fever.

265
Q

lymph

A

fluid that flows through the lymphatic system.

266
Q

lymph nodes

A

small, encapsulated piece of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels. macrophages in it destroy microorganisms and cancerous cells in the lymph fluid.

267
Q

lymphatic system

A

body system that includes a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues.

268
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

vessels that begin as capillaries, carry lymph, continue through lymph nodes, and empty into the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.

269
Q

macriohage

A

A large monocyte in the lymph nodes, intestine, liver,pancreas, thymus, spleen, bone, or skin

270
Q

natural killer (NK) cell

A

Type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow and, without the help of antibodies or complement proteins, recognizes and destroys pathogens.

271
Q

passive immunity

A

immune response and defense against pathogens that is conveyed by the mother’s antibodies to the fetus via the placenta and via colostrum to the breastfeeding baby. these maternal antibodies provide protection from all the diseases the mother has had.

272
Q

pathogen

A

microorganism that causes a disease. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, as well as plant cells such as fungi or yeast

273
Q

phagocyte

A

type of leukocyte that engulfs foreign cells and cellular debris and destroys them with digestive enzymes.

274
Q

spleen

A

lymphoid organ located in the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. it destroys old erythrocytes, breaking their hemoglobin into heme and globin chains. it also acts as a storage area for whole blood.

275
Q

T cells

A

type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus

276
Q

thymus

A

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum. as an endocrine gland, it secretes thymosins, which are hormones that cause lymphoblasts in the thymus to mature into T cells lymphocytes

277
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

A

substance that destroys endotoxins produced by certain bacteria. It also destroys cancerous cells.

278
Q

Plasma

A

Clear, straw-colored liquid that makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. Plasm/o

279
Q

Albumin

A

Most abundant plasma protein. Plasma proteins contribute to the osmotic pressure of the blood.

280
Q

Electrolytes

A

Chemical structures that carry a positive or negative electrical charge in the plasma.

281
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

The process by which all of the formed elements in the plasma are produced.

282
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells (RBC), formed in red bone marrow from stem cells, are the most common type of blood cells that are unique because they have no nucleus when they mature and cannot divide or repair themselves. Carry O2 and CO2 and last only 120 days.

283
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Red, iron-containing molecule that binds to and carries O2 from the lungs to every cell in the body. Contained in Erythrocytes.

284
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Hemoglobin bound to O2.

285
Q

Erythroblasts

A

Very immature erythrocytes that come from stem cells in the red bone marrow.

286
Q

Normoblast

A

Nearly mature erythrocyte.

287
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone secreted by the kidneys that dramatically increases speed at which erythrocytes are produced and become mature.

288
Q

Leukocytes

A

White Blood Cells (WBC) include 5 kinds of cells. Can be identified based on the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm and the shape of the nucleus.

289
Q

Types of Leukocytes (5)

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes

290
Q

Neutrophils

A

The most common leukocyte whose nucleus has several segmented lobes. They are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria. Segmented or Polymorphonucleated (PMN). Live a few days or few hours. Category - Granulocytes

291
Q

Eosinophils

A

One of the least common leukocytes. Engulf and destroy foreign cells (pollen, dander, etc). Release toxin chemicals that kill parasites that invade the body. Category - Granulocytes

292
Q

Basophils

A

One of the least common leukocytes. Nucleus has 2 lobes. Releases histamine at the site of tissue damage. Releases heparin to limit the size of a forming blood clot. Category - Granulocytes

293
Q

Lymphocytes

A

2nd most common leukocyte. Present in the blood and in the lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues, and organs of the lymphatic system. Live for a few days. Category - Agranulocytes

294
Q

Monocytes

A

One of the least common leukocytes. They are phagocytes that engulf and destroy all types of invading microorganisms, cancerous cells, dead WBC’s. Category - Agranulocytes

295
Q

Agranulocyte

A

Any leukocyte with few or no granules in its cytoplasm.

296
Q

Granulocyte

A

Any leukocyte with large granules in its cytoplasm.

297
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Platelets. Only cell fragments that are active in the blood clotting process.

298
Q

Antigen

A

Protein marker on the cell membrane of an erythrocyte that indicates the blood type. Also, a protein marker on the cell wall of a pathogen or cancerous cell that allows the immune system to recognize it as foreign.

299
Q

Blood Type A

A

A antigen and B antibody

300
Q

Blood Type B

A

B antigen and A antibody

301
Q

Blood Type AB

A

A and B antigens and NO antibodies

302
Q

Blood Type O

A

No antigens and A and B antibodies

303
Q

Rh Blood Group

A

Category of blood type. When the Rh factor is present on the surface of RBCs, the blood is Rh positive. W/O the Rh factor, the blood is Rh negative.

304
Q

Aggregation

A

Process of platelets sticking to a damaged blood vessel and forming clots.

305
Q

Clotting Factors

A

A series of 12 substances (factors) that are released from platelets or injured tissue or are produced by the liver. They activate each other in a series of steps that form fibrin strands that trap RBCs and from a blood clot.

306
Q

Fibrin

A

Strands formed by the activation of clotting factors. Fibrin traps RBCs to form a blood clot.

307
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot

308
Q

Coagulation

A

Forming of a blood clot by platelets, RBCs and clotting factors.

309
Q

Hemeostastis

A

The cessation of bleeding.

310
Q

Lymphatic Vessles

A

Vessels that begin as capillaries, carry lymph, continue through lymph nodes, and empty into the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.

311
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid that flows through lymphatic system

312
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Small, encapsulated pieces of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels. Aka lymph glands.

313
Q

Lymphoid Tissues

A

Contain lymphocytes that are active in the immune system. Tonsils, Adenoids, Appendix

314
Q

Thymus

A

Lymphoid organ located within the mediastinum. As an endocrine gland, it secretes thymosins.

315
Q

Spleen

A

Lymphoid organ located in the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. The spleen destroys old erythrocytes, breaking their hemoglobin into heme and globin chains. Also acts as a storage are for whole blood. Contains B and T cell lymphocytes.

316
Q

Blood Dyscrasia

A

Any disease condition involving blood cells.

317
Q

Hemorrhage

A

Loss of a large amount of blood, externally or internally. Injury to an artery causes a forceful spurting of a large amount of bright red blood.

318
Q

Pancytopenia

A

Decreased numbers of all types of blood cells due to failure of the bone marrow to produce stem cells.

319
Q

Septicemia

A

Severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood.

320
Q

Abnormal Red Blood Cell Morphology

A

Erythrocytes have an abnormal size or shape.

321
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Erythrocytes that are either too large (macrocyte) or too small (microcyte).

322
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Erythrocytes that vary in shape, for example sickle cell

323
Q

Anemia

A

Deficiency in erythrocytes of hemoglobin.

324
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

Failure of blood cell production due to absence of development of bone marrow cells.

325
Q

Hemolytic Anemia

A

Reduction in red cell due to excessive destruction. May be congenital or autoimmune in origin.

326
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Lack of mature RBC due to inability to absorb vitamin B12

327
Q

Iron Deficiency Anemia

A

Caused by a deficiency of iron in the diet or blood loss.

328
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Excessive deposits of iron throughout the body. Hepatomegaly. Pigmented skin. Diabetes and cardiac failure may occur. Usually seen in men over 40 years of age.

329
Q

Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia

A

Caused by deficiency of folic acid in the diet. Commonly seen in people who are malnourished or who have malabsorption diseases.

330
Q

Sickle Cell Anemia

A

Caused by an inherited genetic abnormality of an amino acid in hemoglobin. Affects the spleen.

331
Q

Polycythemia Vera

A

General increase in RBC. Blood is very viscous. Treatment by phlebotomy.

332
Q

Thalassemia

A

Inherited genetic abnormality that affects person living in or who are ancesters from the Mediterranean Sea Area. Cooley’s Anemia.

333
Q

Hemolysis

A

Destruction of RBCs

334
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

A

Severe infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus.

335
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancer of the leukocytes. Excessive numbers of leukocytes crowd out other cells in the bone marrow. There is anemia, easy bruising and hemorrhages (too many thrombocytes), fever, and susceptibility to infection (immature leukocytes)

336
Q

Aculte Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)

A

Immature myeloblasts predominate.

337
Q

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)

A

Immature lymphocytes predominate, seen most often in children and adolescents.

338
Q

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

A

Both mature and immature granulocytes are present.

339
Q

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

A

Abnormal numbers of mature lymphocytes. Seen mostly in elderly and follow a slow course.

340
Q

Mononucleosis

A

An infectious disease with an increase of lymphocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Epstein-Barr virus. Hepatomegaly. Splenomegaly

341
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Malignant tumor of bone marrow. Progressive tumor of antibody producing cells that invade bone marrow and destroy bone.

342
Q

Lymphedema

A

Generalized swelling of an arm or leg that occurs when a chain of lymph nodes have been removed.

343
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Enlarged lymph nodes. Lymph nodes may be palpated.

344
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Deficiency in the number of thrombocytes due to exposure to radiation, chemicals, or drugs that damage stem cells in the bone marrow.

345
Q

Coagulopathy

A

Any disease that affects the ability of blood to clot normally.

346
Q

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

A

Sever clotting disorder in which multiple small thrombi are formed throughout the body. Triggered by sever injuries, burns, cancer or infections.

347
Q

Mono

A

caused by epstin barre virus

348
Q

what does shilling test detect?

A

Pernicious anemia (vit b12 deficiency)

Medical (8 decks)

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