Hematology CF Flashcards
a-
away from, without
aden/o
gland
agglutin/o
clumping, sticking
aggreg/o
crowding together
-al
pertaining to
an-
without, not
angi/o
blood vessel; lymphatic vessel
anis/o
unequal
-ant
pertaining to
anti-
against
apher/o
withdrawal
-ar
pertaining to
-ase
enzyme
aspir/o
to breathe in, to suck in
-ate
composed of; pertaining to
-ated
pertaining to a condition; composed of
-atic
pertaining to
-ation
a process; being or having
attenu/o
weakened
auto-
self
bas/o
basic (alkaline)
bi/o
life; living organisms
-blast
immature cell
-body
structure or thing
calc/o
calcium
chrom/o
color
coagul/o
clotting
compromis/o
exposed to danger
cortic/o
cortex (outer region)
-crasia
a mixing
cyt/o
cell
defici/o
lacking, inadequate
different/o
being distinct, different
dissect/o
to cut apart
dissemin/o
widely scattered throughout the body
dys-
painful, difficult, abnormal
-ectomy
surgical excision
-ed
pertaining to
-edema
swelling
electr/o
electricity
embol/o
embolus (occluding plug)
-emia
condition of the blood, substance in the blood
-ency
condition of being
endo-
innermost
eosin/o
eosin (acidic red dye)
erythr/o
red
-esis
condition
excis/o
to cut out
ferrit/o
iron
ferr/o
iron
fibrin/o
fibrin
fibr/o
fiber
fus/o
pouring
-gen
that which produces
gen/o
arising from; produced by
glob/o
shaped like a globe; comprehensive
globul/o
shaped like a globe
-gram
a record or picture
granul/o
granule
-graphy
the process of recording
hemat/o
blood
hem/o
blood
heter/o
other
hyper-
above; more than normal
hypo-
below; deficient
-ia
condition, state, thing
-iac
pertaining to
-ial
pertaining to
-ic
pertaining to
idi/o
unknown; individual
-immune
immune response
immun/o
immune response
-in
substance
inhibit/o
block; hold back
inter-
between
intra-
within
-ion
action; condition
-ism
process; disease from a specific cause
-ist
one who specializes in
-ity
state; condition
-ization
process of making, creating, or inserting
kary/o
nucleus
-kine
movement
leuk/o
white
log/o
word; the study of
-logy
the study of
lymph/o
lymph, lymphatic system
ly/o
break down, separate, dissolve
-lysis
process of breaking down or dissolving
-lyte
dissolved substance
macr/o
large
meg/a
large
megal/o
large
-megaly
enlargement
micr/o
small
mon/o
one, single
morph/o
shape
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord; myelin
neutr/o
not taking part
norm/o
normal, usual
nucle/o
nucleus
-oid
resembling
-oma
tumor, mass
opportun/o
well timed, taking advantage of
-opsy
the process of viewing
-or
person or thing that produces or does
-osis
condition, abnormal condition
-ous
pertaining to
ox/y
oxygen
pan-
all
path/o
disease, suffering
-pathy
disease, suffering
-penia
condition of deficiency
peripher/o
outer aspects
-phage
thing that eats
phag/o
eating, swallowing
-phil
attraction to, fondness for
Agranulocyte
catagory of leukocytes with few or no granules in the cytoplasm. it includes lymphocytes and monocytes.
Albumin
Monst abundant plasma protein. Plasma protiens contribute to the osmotic pressure of the blood
band
Immature neutrophil in the blood. It has a nucleus shaped like a curved band. It is also known as a stab.
basophil
Typer of leukocyte. It is catergorized as a granulocyte because granules in its cytoplasm stain dark blue to purple with basic dye. Basophils release histamine and herparin at the site of tissure injury. AKA basos
blood
type of connective tissue that contains formed elements, water, protiens, and clotting factors. The blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste oriducts of metabolism.
electrolytes
Chemical structures that carry a positive or negative electrical charge
eosinophil
type of leukoocyte. It is categorized as a granulocyte because granules in cytoplasm stain bright pink to red with eosin dye. the nucleus has 2 lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy foreign cells. They also release chemicals to kill parasites. AKA eos.
erythropoientin
hormone produced by the kidneys that increase the rate at which erythrocytes are produced and mature.
erythrocyte
a mature red blood cell. it is a very immature form that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow. it matures into a normoblast, which becomes a retuculocyte, a nearly mature erthrocyte that is released into the blood. an erythrocyte has no nucleus, and they contain hemoglobin
granulocyte
category of leukocyte with large granules in the cytoplasm.
hematopoiesis
process be which blood cells are formed in the red marrow.
hemoglobin
substance in an erythrocyte that contains a heme molecule and globin chains. the heme molecule contains iron that gives erythrocytes their red color.
leukocyte
a white blood cell
lymphocyte
second most abundant leukocyte, but the smallest in size. ut us catergorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. the cytoplasm is only a thin ring next to the round nucleus.
monocyte
The largest leukocyte. it is categorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. its nucleus is shaped like a kidney bean.
myeloblast
a very immature cell that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow.
myelocyte
immature cell that comes from a myeblast in red marrow.
neutrophil
most numerous typer of leukocyte. it is categorized as a granulocyte because the granules in its cytoplasm do not easily stain red or blue, but remain neutral in color. the nucleus has several segmented lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria
plasma
clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood that carries formed elements and contains dissolved substances.
Rh blood group
category of blood type. when the Rh factor is present, the blood is Rh positive, without it is Rh negative.
stem cell
extremely immature cell in the red marrow that is the precursor to all types of blood cells
thrombocyte
a platelet.
aggregation
process of platelets sticking to a damaged blood vessel wall and forming clumps
clotting factors
a series of 12 substances that are released either from platelets of injured tissue or are produces by the liver. they actuvate each other in a series of steps that form fibrin strands that trap erythrocytes and form a blood clot.
coagulation
formation of a blood cloth by platelets, erythrocytes, and clotting factors
fibrin
strands formed by the activation of clotting factors. it traps erythrocytes to form a blood clot
Fibrinogen
blood clotting factor 2. it is activated just before the thrombus is formed
serum
fluid portion of the plasma that remains after the clotting factors are activated to form a blood clot
thromboplastin
blodd clotting factor 3. it is also known as the tissue factor because it is released when tissue is injured.
thrombus
Blood clot.
active immunity
the bodys continuing immune response and defense against pathogens it has seen before.
antibody
produced by a B cell when it becomes a plasma cell. AKA immunoglobulin
antigen
protein maker on the cell membrane if an erythrocyte that indicates the blood type. also a protien maker on the cell wall of a pathogen or on a cancerous cell that allows the immune sytem to recognize it as forein.
B celll
type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow of the bone. that are actuvated by macrophages and become plasma cells that make antibodys. also activate helper T cells.
complement protiens
group of nine proteins in the plasma that are actuvated by the presence of bacterium, virus, or parasite. they kill it by drilling holes in it. also cause basophils to release histamine where the tissue has been damaged.
cytokines
chemicals released by damaged tissues. they call leukocytes to the damaged area.
endotoxin
toxic substance produced by some bacteria. it acts as a poison in the body causing chills, fever, and shock.
histamine
release by basophils. it dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow to damaged tissue, which produces redness. it also allows protein molecules to leak out of blood vessels into the tissue, which produces edema (swelling)
IgA
Immunglobulin A. Antibody present in body secreations and on the surface of the skin. It gives passive immunity to a breastfeeding infant.
IgD
Immunglobulin D. Antibody present on the surface of B cells. It stimulates the Bcell to become a plasma cell.
IgE
Immunoglobulin E. antibody present on the surface of basophils. It causes them to release histamine and heparin during inflammatory and allergic reactions.
IgG
Immunoglobulin G. Antiboyd that is produced by plasma cells in the second time a specific pathogen enters the body. It forns the basis for active immunity. It is the smallest of all the ummunoglobulins, but also the most abundant. During pregnancy, it crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to the fetus.
IgM
Immunoglobulin M. antibody that is produced by plasma cells during the initial exposure to a pathogen. It also reacts to incompatable blood types during a blood transfusion. it is the largest of the ummunoglobulin.
immune responce
coordinated effort between the blood and lymphatic system to identify and destroy invading microorganisms and foreign particles, or cancerous cells produced within the body.
immunoglobulins
antibodies.
interferferon
substance released by macrophages that have engulfed a virus. it stumulates other cells to produce an antiviral substance that prevents the virus from entering them to reproduce itself.
interleukin
substance released by macrophages that stumulates B cell and T cell lymphocytes and activates NK cells. it also produces fever.
lymph
fluid that flows through the lymphatic system.
lymph nodes
small, encapsulated piece of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels. macrophages in it destroy microorganisms and cancerous cells in the lymph fluid.
lymphatic system
body system that includes a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues.
lymphatic vessels
vessels that begin as capillaries, carry lymph, continue through lymph nodes, and empty into the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.
macriohage
A large monocyte in the lymph nodes, intestine, liver,pancreas, thymus, spleen, bone, or skin
natural killer (NK) cell
Type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow and, without the help of antibodies or complement proteins, recognizes and destroys pathogens.
passive immunity
immune response and defense against pathogens that is conveyed by the mother’s antibodies to the fetus via the placenta and via colostrum to the breastfeeding baby. these maternal antibodies provide protection from all the diseases the mother has had.
pathogen
microorganism that causes a disease. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, as well as plant cells such as fungi or yeast
phagocyte
type of leukocyte that engulfs foreign cells and cellular debris and destroys them with digestive enzymes.
spleen
lymphoid organ located in the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. it destroys old erythrocytes, breaking their hemoglobin into heme and globin chains. it also acts as a storage area for whole blood.
T cells
type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus
thymus
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum. as an endocrine gland, it secretes thymosins, which are hormones that cause lymphoblasts in the thymus to mature into T cells lymphocytes
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
substance that destroys endotoxins produced by certain bacteria. It also destroys cancerous cells.
plasma
straw colored; liquid portion of blood
erythrocytes
red blood cells that cary oxygen to tissues
thrombocytes
platelets; required for normal blood clotting
neutrophils
white blood cells that engulf and destroy bacteria
lymphocytes
produce antibodies or other substances toxic to microorganisms
hematopoiesis
process by which blood cells are formed in the red marrow
active immunity
body’s response to pathogens it has seen before
passive immunity
transfer of mother’s antibodies through the placenta to the fetus
blood dyscrasia
any disease condition involving blood cells
thrombus
blood clot
septicemia
severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood
aplastic anemia
anemia caused by failure of the bone marrow to produce erythrocytes because it has been damaged
iron deficiency anemia
anemia caused by a deficiency of iron
pernicious anemia
anemia caused by lack of vitamin b12 or intrinsic factor in the stomach
polycythemia vera
increased number of red blood cells due to uncontrolled production by the red marrow; causing increased thickness of the blood
thalassemia
inherited genetic abnormality that affects the synthesis of the globin chains in hemoglobin
transfusion reaction
reaction that occurs when a patient receives a transfusion with an incompatible blood type
AIDS
severe infection caused by HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
Leukemia
cancer of the leukocytes
mononucleosis
infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus
multiple myeloma
cancer of the plasma cells that produce antibodies
deep vein thrombosis
a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the lower legs; often after surgery or in patients on bedrest
hemophilia
inherited genetic abnormality that causes a lack or a deficiency of a specific clotting factor
thrombocytopenia
deficiency in the number of thrombocytes due to exposure to radiation, chemicals, or drugs that damage stem cells in the bone marrow
lymphadenopathy
enlarged lymph nodes
lymphoma
cancerous tumor of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes (Hodgkin’s and non-Hodgkin’s)
splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen
autoimmune diseases
disease in which the body makes antibodies against its own tissues
ABO
blood type matched before transfusion
CBC
complete blood count to determine number, type, and characteristics of cells
Hct
hematocrit; red blood cell percent volume in whole blood
Hgb
hemoglobin; carries oxygen to the tissues
PT
prothrombin time; evaluates the effectiveness of coumadin
PTT
partial thromboplastin time; evaluates clot formation and effectiveness of heparin
Rh
causes hemolytic disease of the newborn
erythropoietin
hormone produced by the kidneys that increases the rate erythrocytes are produced and matured
Vitamin b12
used to treat pernicious anemia
protease inhibitors
slow the replication of HIV
pathogen
a disease producing microorganism
ABO blood group
Catagory that includes blood types A, B, AB, and O. Blood typers are hereditary. Each blood type has antigens on its erythrocytes and antibodies in its plasma against other blood types.
Agranulocyte
catagory of leukocytes with few or no granules in the cytoplasm. it includes lymphocytes and monocytes.
Albumin
Monst abundant plasma protein. Plasma protiens contribute to the osmotic pressure of the blood
band
Immature neutrophil in the blood. It has a nucleus shaped like a curved band. It is also known as a stab.
basophil
Typer of leukocyte. It is catergorized as a granulocyte because granules in its cytoplasm stain dark blue to purple with basic dye. Basophils release histamine and herparin at the site of tissure injury. AKA basos
blood
type of connective tissue that contains formed elements, water, protiens, and clotting factors. The blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste oriducts of metabolism.
electrolytes
Chemical structures that carry a positive or negative electrical charge
eosinophil
type of leukoocyte. It is categorized as a granulocyte because granules in cytoplasm stain bright pink to red with eosin dye. the nucleus has 2 lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy foreign cells. They also release chemicals to kill parasites. AKA eos.
erythropoientin
hormone produced by the kidneys that increase the rate at which erythrocytes are produced and mature.
erythrocyte
a mature red blood cell. it is a very immature form that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow. it matures into a normoblast, which becomes a retuculocyte, a nearly mature erthrocyte that is released into the blood. an erythrocyte has no nucleus, and they contain hemoglobin
granulocyte
category of leukocyte with large granules in the cytoplasm.
hematopoiesis
process be which blood cells are formed in the red marrow.
hemoglobin
substance in an erythrocyte that contains a heme molecule and globin chains. the heme molecule contains iron that gives erythrocytes their red color.
leukocyte
a white blood cell
lymphocyte
second most abundant leukocyte, but the smallest in size. ut us catergorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. the cytoplasm is only a thin ring next to the round nucleus.
monocyte
The largest leukocyte. it is categorized as an agranulocyte as there are few or no granules in its cytoplasm. its nucleus is shaped like a kidney bean.
myeloblast
a very immature cell that comes from a stem cell in the red marrow.
myelocyte
immature cell that comes from a myeblast in red marrow.
neutrophil
most numerous typer of leukocyte. it is categorized as a granulocyte because the granules in its cytoplasm do not easily stain red or blue, but remain neutral in color. the nucleus has several segmented lobes. they are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria
plasma
clear, straw-colored fluid portion of the blood that carries formed elements and contains dissolved substances.
Rh blood group
category of blood type. when the Rh factor is present, the blood is Rh positive, without it is Rh negative.
stem cell
extremely immature cell in the red marrow that is the precursor to all types of blood cells
thrombocyte
a platelet.
aggregation
process of platelets sticking to a damaged blood vessel wall and forming clumps
clotting factors
a series of 12 substances that are released either from platelets of injured tissue or are produces by the liver. they actuvate each other in a series of steps that form fibrin strands that trap erythrocytes and form a blood clot.
coagulation
formation of a blood cloth by platelets, erythrocytes, and clotting factors
fibrin
strands formed by the activation of clotting factors. it traps erythrocytes to form a blood clot
Fibrinogen
blood clotting factor 2. it is activated just before the thrombus is formed
serum
fluid portion of the plasma that remains after the clotting factors are activated to form a blood clot
thromboplastin
blodd clotting factor 3. it is also known as the tissue factor because it is released when tissue is injured.
thrombus
Blood clot.
active immunity
the bodys continuing immune response and defense against pathogens it has seen before.
antibody
produced by a B cell when it becomes a plasma cell. AKA immunoglobulin
antigen
protein maker on the cell membrane if an erythrocyte that indicates the blood type. also a protien maker on the cell wall of a pathogen or on a cancerous cell that allows the immune sytem to recognize it as forein.
B celll
type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow of the bone. that are actuvated by macrophages and become plasma cells that make antibodys. also activate helper T cells.
complement protiens
group of nine proteins in the plasma that are actuvated by the presence of bacterium, virus, or parasite. they kill it by drilling holes in it. also cause basophils to release histamine where the tissue has been damaged.
cytokines
chemicals released by damaged tissues. they call leukocytes to the damaged area.
endotoxin
toxic substance produced by some bacteria. it acts as a poison in the body causing chills, fever, and shock.
histamine
release by basophils. it dilates blood vessels and increases blood flow to damaged tissue, which produces redness. it also allows protein molecules to leak out of blood vessels into the tissue, which produces edema (swelling)
IgA
Immunglobulin A. Antibody present in body secreations and on the surface of the skin. It gives passive immunity to a breastfeeding infant.
IgD
Immunglobulin D. Antibody present on the surface of B cells. It stimulates the Bcell to become a plasma cell.
IgE
Immunoglobulin E. antibody present on the surface of basophils. It causes them to release histamine and heparin during inflammatory and allergic reactions.
IgG
Immunoglobulin G. Antiboyd that is produced by plasma cells in the second time a specific pathogen enters the body. It forns the basis for active immunity. It is the smallest of all the ummunoglobulins, but also the most abundant. During pregnancy, it crosses the placenta and provides passive immunity to the fetus.
IgM
Immunoglobulin M. antibody that is produced by plasma cells during the initial exposure to a pathogen. It also reacts to incompatable blood types during a blood transfusion. it is the largest of the ummunoglobulin.
immune responce
coordinated effort between the blood and lymphatic system to identify and destroy invading microorganisms and foreign particles, or cancerous cells produced within the body.
immunoglobulins
antibodies.
interferferon
substance released by macrophages that have engulfed a virus. it stumulates other cells to produce an antiviral substance that prevents the virus from entering them to reproduce itself.
interleukin
substance released by macrophages that stumulates B cell and T cell lymphocytes and activates NK cells. it also produces fever.
lymph
fluid that flows through the lymphatic system.
lymph nodes
small, encapsulated piece of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels. macrophages in it destroy microorganisms and cancerous cells in the lymph fluid.
lymphatic system
body system that includes a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, the lymphoid organs, and lymphoid tissues.
lymphatic vessels
vessels that begin as capillaries, carry lymph, continue through lymph nodes, and empty into the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.
macriohage
A large monocyte in the lymph nodes, intestine, liver,pancreas, thymus, spleen, bone, or skin
natural killer (NK) cell
Type of lymphocyte that matures in the red marrow and, without the help of antibodies or complement proteins, recognizes and destroys pathogens.
passive immunity
immune response and defense against pathogens that is conveyed by the mother’s antibodies to the fetus via the placenta and via colostrum to the breastfeeding baby. these maternal antibodies provide protection from all the diseases the mother has had.
pathogen
microorganism that causes a disease. Pathogens include bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, as well as plant cells such as fungi or yeast
phagocyte
type of leukocyte that engulfs foreign cells and cellular debris and destroys them with digestive enzymes.
spleen
lymphoid organ located in the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. it destroys old erythrocytes, breaking their hemoglobin into heme and globin chains. it also acts as a storage area for whole blood.
T cells
type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus
thymus
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum. as an endocrine gland, it secretes thymosins, which are hormones that cause lymphoblasts in the thymus to mature into T cells lymphocytes
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
substance that destroys endotoxins produced by certain bacteria. It also destroys cancerous cells.
Plasma
Clear, straw-colored liquid that makes up about 55% of the total blood volume. Plasm/o
Albumin
Most abundant plasma protein. Plasma proteins contribute to the osmotic pressure of the blood.
Electrolytes
Chemical structures that carry a positive or negative electrical charge in the plasma.
Hematopoiesis
The process by which all of the formed elements in the plasma are produced.
Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells (RBC), formed in red bone marrow from stem cells, are the most common type of blood cells that are unique because they have no nucleus when they mature and cannot divide or repair themselves. Carry O2 and CO2 and last only 120 days.
Hemoglobin
Red, iron-containing molecule that binds to and carries O2 from the lungs to every cell in the body. Contained in Erythrocytes.
Oxyhemoglobin
Hemoglobin bound to O2.
Erythroblasts
Very immature erythrocytes that come from stem cells in the red bone marrow.
Normoblast
Nearly mature erythrocyte.
Erythropoietin
Hormone secreted by the kidneys that dramatically increases speed at which erythrocytes are produced and become mature.
Leukocytes
White Blood Cells (WBC) include 5 kinds of cells. Can be identified based on the presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm and the shape of the nucleus.
Types of Leukocytes (5)
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Neutrophils
The most common leukocyte whose nucleus has several segmented lobes. They are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria. Segmented or Polymorphonucleated (PMN). Live a few days or few hours. Category - Granulocytes
Eosinophils
One of the least common leukocytes. Engulf and destroy foreign cells (pollen, dander, etc). Release toxin chemicals that kill parasites that invade the body. Category - Granulocytes
Basophils
One of the least common leukocytes. Nucleus has 2 lobes. Releases histamine at the site of tissue damage. Releases heparin to limit the size of a forming blood clot. Category - Granulocytes
Lymphocytes
2nd most common leukocyte. Present in the blood and in the lymph nodes, lymphoid tissues, and organs of the lymphatic system. Live for a few days. Category - Agranulocytes
Monocytes
One of the least common leukocytes. They are phagocytes that engulf and destroy all types of invading microorganisms, cancerous cells, dead WBC’s. Category - Agranulocytes
Agranulocyte
Any leukocyte with few or no granules in its cytoplasm.
Granulocyte
Any leukocyte with large granules in its cytoplasm.
Thrombocytes
Platelets. Only cell fragments that are active in the blood clotting process.
Antigen
Protein marker on the cell membrane of an erythrocyte that indicates the blood type. Also, a protein marker on the cell wall of a pathogen or cancerous cell that allows the immune system to recognize it as foreign.
Blood Type A
A antigen and B antibody
Blood Type B
B antigen and A antibody
Blood Type AB
A and B antigens and NO antibodies
Blood Type O
No antigens and A and B antibodies
Rh Blood Group
Category of blood type. When the Rh factor is present on the surface of RBCs, the blood is Rh positive. W/O the Rh factor, the blood is Rh negative.
Aggregation
Process of platelets sticking to a damaged blood vessel and forming clots.
Clotting Factors
A series of 12 substances (factors) that are released from platelets or injured tissue or are produced by the liver. They activate each other in a series of steps that form fibrin strands that trap RBCs and from a blood clot.
Fibrin
Strands formed by the activation of clotting factors. Fibrin traps RBCs to form a blood clot.
Thrombus
Blood clot
Coagulation
Forming of a blood clot by platelets, RBCs and clotting factors.
Hemeostastis
The cessation of bleeding.
Lymphatic Vessles
Vessels that begin as capillaries, carry lymph, continue through lymph nodes, and empty into the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct.
Lymph
Fluid that flows through lymphatic system
Lymph Nodes
Small, encapsulated pieces of lymphoid tissue located along lymphatic vessels. Aka lymph glands.
Lymphoid Tissues
Contain lymphocytes that are active in the immune system. Tonsils, Adenoids, Appendix
Thymus
Lymphoid organ located within the mediastinum. As an endocrine gland, it secretes thymosins.
Spleen
Lymphoid organ located in the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. The spleen destroys old erythrocytes, breaking their hemoglobin into heme and globin chains. Also acts as a storage are for whole blood. Contains B and T cell lymphocytes.
Blood Dyscrasia
Any disease condition involving blood cells.
Hemorrhage
Loss of a large amount of blood, externally or internally. Injury to an artery causes a forceful spurting of a large amount of bright red blood.
Pancytopenia
Decreased numbers of all types of blood cells due to failure of the bone marrow to produce stem cells.
Septicemia
Severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood.
Abnormal Red Blood Cell Morphology
Erythrocytes have an abnormal size or shape.
Anisocytosis
Erythrocytes that are either too large (macrocyte) or too small (microcyte).
Poikilocytosis
Erythrocytes that vary in shape, for example sickle cell
Anemia
Deficiency in erythrocytes of hemoglobin.
Aplastic Anemia
Failure of blood cell production due to absence of development of bone marrow cells.
Hemolytic Anemia
Reduction in red cell due to excessive destruction. May be congenital or autoimmune in origin.
Pernicious Anemia
Lack of mature RBC due to inability to absorb vitamin B12
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Caused by a deficiency of iron in the diet or blood loss.
Hemochromatosis
Excessive deposits of iron throughout the body. Hepatomegaly. Pigmented skin. Diabetes and cardiac failure may occur. Usually seen in men over 40 years of age.
Folic Acid Deficiency Anemia
Caused by deficiency of folic acid in the diet. Commonly seen in people who are malnourished or who have malabsorption diseases.
Sickle Cell Anemia
Caused by an inherited genetic abnormality of an amino acid in hemoglobin. Affects the spleen.
Polycythemia Vera
General increase in RBC. Blood is very viscous. Treatment by phlebotomy.
Thalassemia
Inherited genetic abnormality that affects person living in or who are ancesters from the Mediterranean Sea Area. Cooley’s Anemia.
Hemolysis
Destruction of RBCs
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
Severe infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus.
Leukemia
Cancer of the leukocytes. Excessive numbers of leukocytes crowd out other cells in the bone marrow. There is anemia, easy bruising and hemorrhages (too many thrombocytes), fever, and susceptibility to infection (immature leukocytes)
Aculte Myelogenous Leukemia (AML)
Immature myeloblasts predominate.
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)
Immature lymphocytes predominate, seen most often in children and adolescents.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
Both mature and immature granulocytes are present.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
Abnormal numbers of mature lymphocytes. Seen mostly in elderly and follow a slow course.
Mononucleosis
An infectious disease with an increase of lymphocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Epstein-Barr virus. Hepatomegaly. Splenomegaly
Multiple Myeloma
Malignant tumor of bone marrow. Progressive tumor of antibody producing cells that invade bone marrow and destroy bone.
Lymphedema
Generalized swelling of an arm or leg that occurs when a chain of lymph nodes have been removed.
Lymphadenopathy
Enlarged lymph nodes. Lymph nodes may be palpated.
Thrombocytopenia
Deficiency in the number of thrombocytes due to exposure to radiation, chemicals, or drugs that damage stem cells in the bone marrow.
Coagulopathy
Any disease that affects the ability of blood to clot normally.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Sever clotting disorder in which multiple small thrombi are formed throughout the body. Triggered by sever injuries, burns, cancer or infections.
Mono
caused by epstin barre virus
what does shilling test detect?
Pernicious anemia (vit b12 deficiency)
