Pulmonary VI: Miscellaneous Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Flashcards
________ sign: bronchial contours may be visualized due to difference in the density of fluid-filled alveoli and air-filled bronchi
Air bronchogram
5 As of Tobacco Intervention
Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange
B symptoms
Fever, Weight loss, Night sweats
Calcification of a Solitary Pulmonary Nodule ______ risk of cancer.
decreases
CXR signs of pulmonary edema (3)
Kerley B lines, Alveolar Edema, Cephalization
Definition of ARDS
CXR infiltrates, PaO2/FIO2 ratio
Frontal view CXR convention: AP or PA
PA
In adults, most masses are found in the ______ mediastinal compartment.
Anterior
In children, most masses are found in the ______ mediastinal compartment.
Posterior
Lateral view CXR convention: source on ______ chest, detector on ______ chest
right; left
Masses of the anterior mediastinum (4)
Thymoma, Teratoma, Lymphoma, Thyroid tissue
Less water-soluble agents deposit in the _____ airway
lower
More water-soluble agents deposit in the _____ airway.
upper
Most common genetic mutation in NSCLC
EGFR (50-80%)
Most definitive diagnostic procedure of a SPN
Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS)
Parameters to increase oxygenation on a ventilator
FIO2, PEEP
Parameters to increase ventilation on a ventilator
Tidal Volume, Respiratory Rate
What drug? 1st generation antihistamine, safe and effective antitusssive, effective local anesthetic, sleep aid for insomnia
Diphenhydramine
What drug? 1st generation antihistamine, used for treatment of nausea and vomiting, least teratogenic
Meclizine, Dimenhydrinate
What drug? 2nd generation antihistamine, used for treatment of allergic reactions
Loratadine, Cetirizine, Fexofenadine
What drug? Antitussive agent, depress cough center in the brain via opioid receptors
Codeine, Hydrocodone, Dextromethorphan
What drug? May prevent weight gain and depression associated with cessation, inhibits reuptake of dopamine and norephinephrine
Buproprion
What drug? Mucolytic, decreases viscosity of secretions, administered via inhalations
N-acetylcysteine
What drug? Only effective expectorant
Guaifenesin
What drug? Oral decongestant, stimulates alpha-1-adrenergic receptors
pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine
What drug? Partial agonist at nicotinic receptor and blocker of exogenous nicotine binding
Varenicline
What drug? Patch, gum, lozenge, inhaler, or nasal spray that limits symptom witdrawal
Nicotine Replacement Therapy
What drug? Topical decongestant, stimulates alpha-1-adrenergic receptors
phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, xylometazoline
What pathology? Acute severe respiratory infection, often caused by RSV in infants
Bronchiolitis
What pathology? Asthma with latency, many etiologies, improvement in symptoms over weekends and holidays
Immunologic Asthma
What pathology? Caused by flavoring chemicals, nitrogen and sulfur oxides
Bronchiolitis
What pathology? Caused by parainfluenza serotypes, inflammation of the airway with edema in the subglottic space
Viral Croup
What pathology? Chronic granulomatous disease indistinguishable from sarcoidosis, except for etiology
Chronic Beryllium Disease
What pathology? Commonly caused by animal proteins (birds), contaminated hay, hot tubs/pools, humidifiers, machining/metal-working fluids
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
What pathology? Commonly seen in aerospace engineering, nuclear bomb manufacturing, and nuclear reactors
Chronic Beryllium Disease
What pathology? Depression of ipsilateral diaphragm, shift of mediastinum away from affected side, expansion of ribs on ipsilateral side
Tension Pneumothorax
What pathology? Exposure to irritants that result in hyperresponsiveness and airflow obstruction
Irritant Asthma (RADS)
What pathology? ILD related to coal mine exposure that injures alveolar macrophages
Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis
What pathology? inflammation and swelling of supraglottic structures that develop rapidly to life-threatening upper airway obstruction, often caused by haemophilus influenza B
Epiglottitis
What pathology? Insufficient surfactant production leads to early inflammation and hypercellularity leading to fibrosis
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
What pathology? Life threatening complication of altitude exposure, may be treated with supportive therapy and oral nifedipine
High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
What pathology? Life threatening form of laryngotracheobronchitis frequently caused by staph aureus
Bacterial Tracheitis
What pathology? Long latency ILD, commonly seen in hard rock miners, foundry workers, sandblasters, and stone-washed jean manufacturers
Silicosis
What pathology? Most common and mildest form of altitude illness
Acute Mountain Sickness
What pathology? Most extreme form of altitude illness, may appear intoxicated, may progress to hallucinations and coma
High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)
What pathology? Oxidant injury due to imbalance of proteases and antiproteases
Emphysema
What pathology? Pathologic injury of small airways with intrinsic or extrinsic bronchiolar narrowing, excessive proliferation of granulation tissue
Bronchiolitis
What pathology? Toxic effects of fibers on pulmonary parenchymal cells release of inflammatory mediators, commonly seen in construction workers, shipyard/dock workers, brake mechanics
Asbestosis
What pathology? Underdevelopment of cartilaginous support in supraglottic structures
Laryngomalacia
Which interleukin promotes T cell differentiation into Th1 cells?
IL-12
Which interleukin promotes T cell differentiation into Th17 cells?
IL-6, IL-23, TGF-Beta
Which interleukin promotes T cell differentiation into Th2 cells?
IL-4
