Pulmonary VI: Miscellaneous Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

________ sign: bronchial contours may be visualized due to difference in the density of fluid-filled alveoli and air-filled bronchi

A

Air bronchogram

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2
Q

5 As of Tobacco Intervention

A

Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange

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3
Q

B symptoms

A

Fever, Weight loss, Night sweats

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4
Q

Calcification of a Solitary Pulmonary Nodule ______ risk of cancer.

A

decreases

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5
Q

CXR signs of pulmonary edema (3)

A

Kerley B lines, Alveolar Edema, Cephalization

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6
Q

Definition of ARDS

A

CXR infiltrates, PaO2/FIO2 ratio

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7
Q

Frontal view CXR convention: AP or PA

A

PA

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8
Q

In adults, most masses are found in the ______ mediastinal compartment.

A

Anterior

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9
Q

In children, most masses are found in the ______ mediastinal compartment.

A

Posterior

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10
Q

Lateral view CXR convention: source on ______ chest, detector on ______ chest

A

right; left

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11
Q

Masses of the anterior mediastinum (4)

A

Thymoma, Teratoma, Lymphoma, Thyroid tissue

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12
Q

Less water-soluble agents deposit in the _____ airway

A

lower

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13
Q

More water-soluble agents deposit in the _____ airway.

A

upper

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14
Q

Most common genetic mutation in NSCLC

A

EGFR (50-80%)

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15
Q

Most definitive diagnostic procedure of a SPN

A

Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery (VATS)

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16
Q

Parameters to increase oxygenation on a ventilator

A

FIO2, PEEP

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17
Q

Parameters to increase ventilation on a ventilator

A

Tidal Volume, Respiratory Rate

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18
Q

What drug? 1st generation antihistamine, safe and effective antitusssive, effective local anesthetic, sleep aid for insomnia

A

Diphenhydramine

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19
Q

What drug? 1st generation antihistamine, used for treatment of nausea and vomiting, least teratogenic

A

Meclizine, Dimenhydrinate

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20
Q

What drug? 2nd generation antihistamine, used for treatment of allergic reactions

A

Loratadine, Cetirizine, Fexofenadine

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21
Q

What drug? Antitussive agent, depress cough center in the brain via opioid receptors

A

Codeine, Hydrocodone, Dextromethorphan

22
Q

What drug? May prevent weight gain and depression associated with cessation, inhibits reuptake of dopamine and norephinephrine

A

Buproprion

23
Q

What drug? Mucolytic, decreases viscosity of secretions, administered via inhalations

A

N-acetylcysteine

24
Q

What drug? Only effective expectorant

A

Guaifenesin

25
Q

What drug? Oral decongestant, stimulates alpha-1-adrenergic receptors

A

pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine, phenylpropanolamine

26
Q

What drug? Partial agonist at nicotinic receptor and blocker of exogenous nicotine binding

A

Varenicline

27
Q

What drug? Patch, gum, lozenge, inhaler, or nasal spray that limits symptom witdrawal

A

Nicotine Replacement Therapy

28
Q

What drug? Topical decongestant, stimulates alpha-1-adrenergic receptors

A

phenylephrine, oxymetazoline, xylometazoline

29
Q

What pathology? Acute severe respiratory infection, often caused by RSV in infants

A

Bronchiolitis

30
Q

What pathology? Asthma with latency, many etiologies, improvement in symptoms over weekends and holidays

A

Immunologic Asthma

31
Q

What pathology? Caused by flavoring chemicals, nitrogen and sulfur oxides

A

Bronchiolitis

32
Q

What pathology? Caused by parainfluenza serotypes, inflammation of the airway with edema in the subglottic space

A

Viral Croup

33
Q

What pathology? Chronic granulomatous disease indistinguishable from sarcoidosis, except for etiology

A

Chronic Beryllium Disease

34
Q

What pathology? Commonly caused by animal proteins (birds), contaminated hay, hot tubs/pools, humidifiers, machining/metal-working fluids

A

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

35
Q

What pathology? Commonly seen in aerospace engineering, nuclear bomb manufacturing, and nuclear reactors

A

Chronic Beryllium Disease

36
Q

What pathology? Depression of ipsilateral diaphragm, shift of mediastinum away from affected side, expansion of ribs on ipsilateral side

A

Tension Pneumothorax

37
Q

What pathology? Exposure to irritants that result in hyperresponsiveness and airflow obstruction

A

Irritant Asthma (RADS)

38
Q

What pathology? ILD related to coal mine exposure that injures alveolar macrophages

A

Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis

39
Q

What pathology? inflammation and swelling of supraglottic structures that develop rapidly to life-threatening upper airway obstruction, often caused by haemophilus influenza B

A

Epiglottitis

40
Q

What pathology? Insufficient surfactant production leads to early inflammation and hypercellularity leading to fibrosis

A

Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

41
Q

What pathology? Life threatening complication of altitude exposure, may be treated with supportive therapy and oral nifedipine

A

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)

42
Q

What pathology? Life threatening form of laryngotracheobronchitis frequently caused by staph aureus

A

Bacterial Tracheitis

43
Q

What pathology? Long latency ILD, commonly seen in hard rock miners, foundry workers, sandblasters, and stone-washed jean manufacturers

A

Silicosis

44
Q

What pathology? Most common and mildest form of altitude illness

A

Acute Mountain Sickness

45
Q

What pathology? Most extreme form of altitude illness, may appear intoxicated, may progress to hallucinations and coma

A

High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)

46
Q

What pathology? Oxidant injury due to imbalance of proteases and antiproteases

A

Emphysema

47
Q

What pathology? Pathologic injury of small airways with intrinsic or extrinsic bronchiolar narrowing, excessive proliferation of granulation tissue

A

Bronchiolitis

48
Q

What pathology? Toxic effects of fibers on pulmonary parenchymal cells release of inflammatory mediators, commonly seen in construction workers, shipyard/dock workers, brake mechanics

A

Asbestosis

49
Q

What pathology? Underdevelopment of cartilaginous support in supraglottic structures

A

Laryngomalacia

50
Q

Which interleukin promotes T cell differentiation into Th1 cells?

A

IL-12

51
Q

Which interleukin promotes T cell differentiation into Th17 cells?

A

IL-6, IL-23, TGF-Beta

52
Q

Which interleukin promotes T cell differentiation into Th2 cells?

A

IL-4