Pulmonary I: Physiology Flashcards
______ compliance is associated with difficulty with expiration
High
______ transpulmonary pressure can collapse the airways
Negative
_______ compliance is associated with difficulty with inspiration
Low
_______ resistance work results in _______ frequency breathing with higher tidal volumes
increased; lower
_______ resistance work results in lower frequency breathing with _______ tidal volumes
increased; higher
________ elastic work results in _______ frequency breathing with lower tidal volumes
increased; higher
________ elastic work results in higher frequency breathing with _______ tidal volumes
increased; lower
Accessory Expiratory Muscles
Internal intercostals, abdominal muscles
Accessory Inspiratory Muscles
Scalenes, SCM
Airway resistance is decreased by ______ lung volumes, _____ bronchial smooth muscle tone, and _____ mucus
increased; decreased; low
CaO2 =
SaO21.39[Hgb] + PaO2*0.0013
Causes of hyperventilation (3)
Acute hypoxemia, metabolic acidosis, CNS stimulation
Causes of hypoventilation (4)
Obstructive disease, Restrictive disease, metabolic alkalosis, CNS depression
Causes of Hypoxemia
Shunt, V/Q mismatch, diffusion limitations, hypoventilation, low ambient O2
Causes of Hypoxemia with normal A-a gradient
Low ambient O2, hypoventilation
Causes of hypozemia with abnormal A-a gradient
Diffusion limitations, V/Q mismatch, Shunt
CO poisoning presents with _____ PO2 and _____SaO2
normal; decreased
Defense mechanisms of conductive system (2)
Mucus, MALT
Diffusion Capacity =
A/d*k
Increased elastic work results in ______ frequency breathing with _____ tidal volumes
higher; lower
Increased resistance work results in ______ frequency breathing with ______ tidal volumes
lower; higher
Key Event in Alveolar Stage of Lung Development
Gas exchange surface and capillary system maturation
Key Event in Canalicular Stage of Lung Development
Beginning of surfactant production and fetal breathing; differentiation of epithelium
Key Event in Embryonic Stage of Lung Development
Establishment of Lung Lobes
Key Event in Pseudoglandular Stage of Lung Development
Complete formation of conducting airways
Key Event in Saccular Stage of Lung Development
Terminal sac formation; pneumocytes differentiated
Name the airway level: C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Trachea
Name the airway level: cartilage plates of hyaline cartilage arranged around the airway
Bronchi
Name the airway level: contains club cells
bronchioles
Name the airway level: each supply a bronchopulmonary segment
segmental bronchus
Name the airway level: has its own blood supply
bronchopulmonary segment
Name the airway level: have no cartilage or glands
bronchioles
Name the cells of the trachea and bronchi
Epithelial cells, goblet cells, basal cells, neuroendocrine cells
Name the epithelium of the trachea and bronchi
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Normal Inspiratory Muscles
Diaphragm, External intercostals
Reynold’s Number Re =
2rvd/n
Timeline: Alveolar Stage of Lung Development
36 weeks to 4-6 years of life
Timeline: Canalicular Stage of Lung Development
16 to 28 weeks
Timeline: Embryonic Stage of Lung Development
26 days to 6 weeks
Timeline: Pseudoglandular Stage of Lung Development
6 weeks to 16 weeks
Ways in which CO2 is carried in blood
Dissolved, Bicarbonate, Carbamino compounds
What pathology? Defect in chloride transporter, more viscous secretions, chronic infections and respiratory failure
Cystic Fibrosis
What pathology? Defect in dynein arms resulting in immotile cilia, chronic respiratory congestion and infections
Kartagener’s Syndrome
Which lung measurement? Air remaining in lungs at the end of a normal respiration (~2.5L)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Which lung measurement? Air remaining in lungs following maximal expiration (~1.5L)
Residual Volume
Which lung measurement? volume of air exhaled after a maximal inspiration followed by maximal expiration (~6L)
Vital Capacity
Which lung measurement? volume of air inside lungs at the end of maximal inspiration (~7.5L)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
