pulmonary values and tests Flashcards
What is a hallmark of lung pattern pathology in obstructive disease?
reduced airflow and hyperinflation INCREASED RESIDUAL VOLUME
What type of lung pattern pathology is common in restrictive lung disease?
reduced volume, total lung capacity is smaller overall
What is a nebulizer?
converts drug to a mist that is inhaled
What is a metered dose inhaler?
deliver a specific amount of aerosolized drug
Acetylcystein (mucomyst) and Pulmozyme (Dnase) are what kind of drug? Side effects?
mucolytics
nausea and vomiting are common side effects
How does a mucolytic function?
decreases the viscosity of secretions
Guifenesin is what kind of drug? How does it work? What are common side effects?
expectorant, makes more mucus but is thinner, nausea and vomitting
What do azithromysin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and tetracyclcine do?
They are antibiotics that fight infection
What is the pathway of bronchodilation?
SNS activation releases->norepinephrine–>which activates B-2 receptor activation–>leads to bronchodilation
What is one pathway to bronchoconstriction that includes cholinergic/muscarinic receptor activation?
PNS activation->releases acetylcholine->leads to cholinergic/muscarinic receptor activation-> bronchoconstriction
What is the second path of bronchonstriction involving inflammation?
Inflammation leads to bronchoconstriction which leads to more bronchoconstriction
What is the role of beta-adrenergic in regulating bronchomotor tone? Side effects of common meds?
Activate B-2 receptors to bronchodilate, side effects include nervousness, restlessness, tremor
How do you block PNS-mediated bronchoconstriction? Side effects?
Anti-cholenergics. Dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia, confusion
How do you promote bronchodilation?
Use of methylxanthine/theophylline, side effects include toxicity confusion, nausea, irritability
Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids), leukotriene inhibitors, and cromones assist in decreasing _____ in ____ kind of pulmonary disorder?
Inflammation, obstructive (related to the issue/complication of increased bronchoconstriction in these patients)
What is FiO2? In a patient being provided with supplemental oxygen, is this number higher or lower than atmospheric oxygen?
Fraction of inspired air in the volume being measure, room oxygen is .21. If a patient is provided with supplemental oxygen, it is higher up to 1=100% oxygen
Implications of use of supplemental oxygen aka increasing oxygen saturation (SaO2) on PT?
Can decrease dyspnea and improve activity tolerance.
What are the 2 precautions of supplemental oxygen?
O2 toxicity: prolonged exposure to high levels of oxygen can cause lung damage. Patients w CO2 retention (high FiO2 can decrease ventilatory drive, leading to hypoventilation
What three factors control FiO2?
02 flow rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume
What factor does the venturi mask most rely on for control of FiO2?
Flow rate=10 L/min, keeps FiO2=25-50%, respiratory rate and tidal volume don’t matter
What are 3 objective ways to measure oxygen?
SpO2, pH, PaO2(partial pressure of oxygen in blood stream)
What is hypoxic drive controlled by in patients with COPD?
Hypoxic Drive is breathing that is controlled mainly by peripheral chemoreceptors responsive to O2.
- high O2 = decreased rate and depth of breathing
- low O2 = increased rate and depth of breathing
What is the risk of not titrating a patient with COPD’s oxygen down after exercise?
If the O2 is not titrated down after exercise the increased levels of O2 will decrease rate and depth of breathing causing CO2 to build in the blood resulting in Oxygen Induced Hypercapnia.
