cardiac diseases

Question 1

What is the pathway that leads to MI or CHF?

Answer 1

untreated, chronic high BP
coronary artery disease
ischemic event
MI
heart failure

Question 2

What is reduced pumping effectiveness and efficiency of the heart called?

Answer 2

Pump disorder

Question 3

What is conduction impairment called?

Answer 3

electrical conduction disorders

Question 4

What are 4 risk factors for CV mortality

Answer 4

hyperlipidemia
hypertension
diabetes
smoking

Question 5

Hypertension causes which 2 things to occur that lead to CHF?

Answer 5

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Acute myocardial infarction

Question 6

What is the type of HTN that accounts for 95% cases of HTN?

Answer 6

Primary/Essential HTN

Question 7

What are 5 causes of essential/primary HTN?

Answer 7

excess salt
abnormal arteries
increased blood volume
genetic disorders
stressful life

Question 8

What are 5 causes of secondary HTN?

Answer 8

health conditions
certain medicines
recreational drugs
pregnancy
hormonal therapy

Question 9

What is a normal BP?

Answer 9

<120mmHg and <80mmHg

Question 10

What is considered an emergency BP in hypertension?

Answer 10

> 140 SBP or >90 mmHg

Question 11

What are 5 lifestyle/behavior modifications for HTN?

Answer 11

diet/weight reduction
exercise
reduce/stop smoking
restrict NA +intake
stress reduction/relaxation training

Question 12

What are 4 types of pharmacologic therapy for HTN?

Answer 12

diuretics
beta blockers
calcium channel blocker
angiotensin conversting enzyme inhibitors, vasodilators

Question 13

Atherosclerosis is an end product of what?

Answer 13

coronary artery disease

Question 14

What are 7 signs and symptoms of CAD?

Answer 14

chest pain (angina pectoris)
neck/arm pain or discomfort
palpitation
dyspnea
syncope
fatigue
nausea (anginal equivalent)

Question 15

What are a few characteristics of stable angina?

Answer 15

usually w exertion, not a surprise and relieved w rest

Question 16

What are a few characteristics of unstable angina?

Answer 16

occurs at rest with little physical exertion, not relieved with rest or medicine
MAY MEAN HEART ATTACK IS IMMINENT

Question 17

What are percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty, coronary artery stents, and coronary artery bypass grafts treatment for?

Answer 17

Coronary artery disease

Question 18

What are 8 symptoms of myocardial infarction?

Answer 18

severe retrosternal pain
pain may radiate left arm
pallor cyanosis
nausea and vomiting
diaphoresis
weak pulse
apprehensive, sense of doom
fever

Question 19

What are 4 types of medications used for MI treatment?

Answer 19

thrombolytics
pain relievers
vasodilators
anti-clotting agents

Question 20

What is heart failure classified as?

Answer 20

inability of the heart to pump or receive blood

Question 21

What is the ejection fraction threshold of heart failure systolic dysfunction?

Answer 21

<40%

Question 22

What are two pulmonary side effects of heart failure?

Answer 22

increased dead space

pulmonary edema

Question 23

What are the symptoms of a patient with heart failure for someone who is NYHA type I?

Answer 23

asymptomatic

Question 24

NYHA type II?

Answer 24

mild HF

symptomatic with moderate exertion

Question 25

NYHA type III?

Answer 25

moderate HF | symptomatic with minimal exertion

Question 26

NYHA type IV?

Answer 26

severe HF | symptomatic at rest

Question 27

What is the #1 cause of mortality and morbidity in the US?

Answer 27

Coronary artery disease

Question 28

What are the two types of cardiac disorders?

Answer 28

Pump disorders: reduced pumping effectiveness and efficiency (myocardial, valvular) Electrical conduction disorders

Question 29

What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension?

Answer 29

primary: salt, stress, genetics, blood volume, abnormal arteries secondary: secondary to other rectifiable causes-meds, rec drugs, health conditions, pregnancy

Question 30

What are normal values for blood pressure?

Answer 30

SBP<120 mmHg, DBP <80mmHg

Question 31

What are abnormal values for blood pressure?

Answer 31

SBP >130-139 mmHg, DBP>80-89 mmHg (this is stage 1 HTN)

Question 32

What the guideline for exercise for HTN? Freq, Intensity, Time, Type?

Answer 32

Frequency: min 3 days/week, could be daily Intensity: mod (40-70% of HRR) Time: 30-60 min of continuous or accumulated physical activity per day Type: primarily endurance physical activity supplemented by resistance exercise

Question 33

What are some symptoms of CAD?

Answer 33

angina pectoris, neck/arm pain, palpitation, dyspnea, syncope, fatigue, nausea (anginal equivalent)

Question 34

What are 4 common outcomes of ischemic heart disease?

Answer 34

angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, hypertension

Question 35

What is angina pectoris?

Answer 35

chest pain-patterns vary among but not within individuals

Question 36

What are symptoms of angina pectoris? How might women experience it?

Answer 36

pain, discomfort, pressure, squeezing, burning, tightness in shoulders, arms, back, neck women often feel it more as nausea, discomfort in back and abdomen

Question 37

What are the three types of angina?

Answer 37

stable: usually during exertion, relieved with rest or medicine unstable: occurs at rest or with very little physical exertion, not relieved with rest or medicine may mean heart attack is imminent variant: coronary vasospasm in absence of CAD

Question 38

What are some typical treatments for CAD? Both pharmacological and invasive?

Answer 38

vasodilators, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers | percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty, coronary artery stents, coronary artery bypass graft

Question 39

What is heart failure?

Answer 39

inability of heart to pump or receive blood

Question 40

What is the difference between HFpEF and HFrEF?

Answer 40

HFpEF=diastolic dysfunction (EF>40-50%) | HFrEF=systolic dysfunction (EF<35-40%)