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Unit 7 > cardiac diseases > Flashcards

cardiac diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is the pathway that leads to MI or CHF?

A 
untreated, chronic high BP
coronary artery disease
ischemic event
MI
heart failure
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2
Q

What is reduced pumping effectiveness and efficiency of the heart called?

A

Pump disorder

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3
Q

What is conduction impairment called?

A

electrical conduction disorders

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4
Q

What are 4 risk factors for CV mortality

A

hyperlipidemia
hypertension
diabetes
smoking

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5
Q

Hypertension causes which 2 things to occur that lead to CHF?

A

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Acute myocardial infarction

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6
Q

What is the type of HTN that accounts for 95% cases of HTN?

A

Primary/Essential HTN

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7
Q

What are 5 causes of essential/primary HTN?

A 
excess salt
abnormal arteries
increased blood volume
genetic disorders
stressful life
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8
Q

What are 5 causes of secondary HTN?

A 
health conditions
certain medicines
recreational drugs
pregnancy
hormonal therapy
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9
Q

What is a normal BP?

A

<120mmHg and <80mmHg

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10
Q

What is considered an emergency BP in hypertension?

A

> 140 SBP or >90 mmHg

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11
Q

What are 5 lifestyle/behavior modifications for HTN?

A 
diet/weight reduction
exercise
reduce/stop smoking
restrict NA +intake
stress reduction/relaxation training
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12
Q

What are 4 types of pharmacologic therapy for HTN?

A

diuretics
beta blockers
calcium channel blocker
angiotensin conversting enzyme inhibitors, vasodilators

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13
Q

Atherosclerosis is an end product of what?

A

coronary artery disease

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14
Q

What are 7 signs and symptoms of CAD?

A 
chest pain (angina pectoris)
neck/arm pain or discomfort
palpitation
dyspnea
syncope
fatigue
nausea (anginal equivalent)
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15
Q

What are a few characteristics of stable angina?

A

usually w exertion, not a surprise and relieved w rest

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16
Q

What are a few characteristics of unstable angina?

A

occurs at rest with little physical exertion, not relieved with rest or medicine
MAY MEAN HEART ATTACK IS IMMINENT

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17
Q

What are percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty, coronary artery stents, and coronary artery bypass grafts treatment for?

A

Coronary artery disease

18
Q

What are 8 symptoms of myocardial infarction?

A 
severe retrosternal pain
pain may radiate left arm
pallor cyanosis
nausea and vomiting
diaphoresis
weak pulse
apprehensive, sense of doom
fever
19
Q

What are 4 types of medications used for MI treatment?

A

thrombolytics
pain relievers
vasodilators
anti-clotting agents

20
Q

What is heart failure classified as?

A

inability of the heart to pump or receive blood

21
Q

What is the ejection fraction threshold of heart failure systolic dysfunction?

A

<40%

22
Q

What are two pulmonary side effects of heart failure?

A

increased dead space

pulmonary edema

23
Q

What are the symptoms of a patient with heart failure for someone who is NYHA type I?

A

asymptomatic

24
Q

NYHA type II?

A

mild HF

symptomatic with moderate exertion

25
Q

NYHA type III?

A

moderate HF

symptomatic with minimal exertion

26
Q

NYHA type IV?

A

severe HF

symptomatic at rest

27
Q

What is the #1 cause of mortality and morbidity in the US?

A

Coronary artery disease

28
Q

What are the two types of cardiac disorders?

A

Pump disorders: reduced pumping effectiveness and efficiency (myocardial, valvular)
Electrical conduction disorders

29
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension?

A

primary: salt, stress, genetics, blood volume, abnormal arteries
secondary: secondary to other rectifiable causes-meds, rec drugs, health conditions, pregnancy

30
Q

What are normal values for blood pressure?

A

SBP<120 mmHg, DBP <80mmHg

31
Q

What are abnormal values for blood pressure?

A

SBP >130-139 mmHg, DBP>80-89 mmHg (this is stage 1 HTN)

32
Q

What the guideline for exercise for HTN? Freq, Intensity, Time, Type?

A

Frequency: min 3 days/week, could be daily
Intensity: mod (40-70% of HRR)
Time: 30-60 min of continuous or accumulated physical activity per day
Type: primarily endurance physical activity supplemented by resistance exercise

33
Q

What are some symptoms of CAD?

A

angina pectoris, neck/arm pain, palpitation, dyspnea, syncope, fatigue, nausea (anginal equivalent)

34
Q

What are 4 common outcomes of ischemic heart disease?

A

angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, hypertension

35
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

chest pain-patterns vary among but not within individuals

36
Q

What are symptoms of angina pectoris? How might women experience it?

A

pain, discomfort, pressure, squeezing, burning, tightness in shoulders, arms, back, neck
women often feel it more as nausea, discomfort in back and abdomen

37
Q

What are the three types of angina?

A

stable: usually during exertion, relieved with rest or medicine
unstable: occurs at rest or with very little physical exertion, not relieved with rest or medicine
may mean heart attack is imminent
variant: coronary vasospasm in absence of CAD

38
Q

What are some typical treatments for CAD? Both pharmacological and invasive?

A

vasodilators, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers

percutaneous transluminal coronary artery angioplasty, coronary artery stents, coronary artery bypass graft

39
Q

What is heart failure?

A

inability of heart to pump or receive blood

40
Q

What is the difference between HFpEF and HFrEF?

A

HFpEF=diastolic dysfunction (EF>40-50%)

HFrEF=systolic dysfunction (EF<35-40%)

Unit 7 (12 decks)

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