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Pathology > Pulmonary Pathology > Flashcards

Pulmonary Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory system outgrowth grom

A

Ventral wall of foregut

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2
Q

Number of lobar bronchi in right lung

A

3

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3
Q

How many lobar bronchi present in left lung

A

2

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4
Q

Mesothelium epithelium is present in

A

Pleural space

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5
Q

Functions of type 1 pneumocytes

A

Lined by squamous epithelium, and take place in gas exchange and covered by 95% of the alveoli

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6
Q

Function and feature of type 2 pneumocytes

A

It’s granular and roughly cuboidal. Covers only 5%, involved in secretion of pulmonary surfactant

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7
Q

Congenital defects

A

Pulmonary hypoplasia
Under development of one or both lungs.
Forgut cyst
Pulmonary sequestration

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8
Q

Pulmonary hypoplasia results from

A

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Oligohydramnios

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9
Q

Foregut cyst features

A

Abnormal detachment of primitive foregut
Most commonly found in hilum or middle mediastinum
Most common, bronchogenic cyst
It may be seen in esophageal or enteric cyst

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10
Q

Pulmonary sequestration features

A

Area of lung tissue which is not connected to airways has abnormal blood supply from airta and it’s branches

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11
Q

Types of pulmonary sequestration

A

Extralobar
Common in infants
Associated with congenital annomalies
Intralobar
Occurs in lung
Common in older children
Due to recurrent localized infections or bronchiectasis

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12
Q

What is atelectasis

A

Incomplete expansion of lung or collapse of inflated lung

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13
Q

Is atelectasis reversible

A

Yes except in cases of fibrosis

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14
Q

Tyoes of atelectasis

A

Resorption or obstructive
Compression
Contraction atelectasis

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15
Q

Resorption or obstructive atelectasis features

A

It’s reversible
Occures at bronchial level due to excess secretion of mucus or exudates or due to tumors in bronchial asthma
Bronchitis etc..
Clinical feature is mediastinum moves towards the affected lung

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16
Q

Compression atelectasis

A

It’s due to accumulation of fluids in Pleural space
Clinical feature, mediastinum moves away from affected lung

17
Q

Contraction atelectasis

A

Focal pulmonary atelectasis or fibrosis of pleura
Prevents full expansion
Irreversible

18
Q

Pulmonary edema features and causes

A

Excessive interstitial fluid in alveoli
Hemodynamic disturbances
Increased capillary permeability due to microvascular injury
Pulmonary congestion

19
Q

Causes of hemodynamic edema

A

Increase in hydrostatic pressure
Most common in left sided heart failure
Initially seen in basal region of lower lobes
Hemosiderin laden macrophages are seen

20
Q

Non cardiogenic or microvascular or alveolar injury causes

A

Injury in alveolar septa

21
Q

Acute lung injury

A

Abrupt onset of hypoxemia and bilateral pulmonary edema

22
Q

Acute interstitial pneumonia is common and has worst prognosis seen in

A

Chronic alcoholic and smokers

23
Q

Cells injured in ALI

A

First endothelial cells
Pneumocytes

24
Q

Hyaline membranes are formed from

A

Protein rich fluid filled edema and debris from alveolar epithelial cells

25
Q

What is the normal ratio of FEV1/FVC

A

0.7

26
Q

Disorders with airflow obstruction

A

Emphysema
Asthma
Bronchitis
Bronchiectasis
Small airway disease and bronchiolotis

27
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

A

Treatable by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation

28
Q

Emphysema features

A

Irreversible enlargement of airspaces, distal to the terminal bronchiole

29
Q

Types of emphysema

A

Centriacinar
Panacinar
Paraseptal
Irregular
All are reversible except irregular

30
Q

Overview of restrictive lung disease

A

Reduced expansion of lung parenchyma and decrease in total lung capacity

31
Q

Disease in restrictive lung disorder

A

Interstitial lung disease
Scoliosis
Neuromuscular cause
Marked obesity

32
Q

Granulomatous associated restrictive lung disease

A

Sarcoidosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

33
Q

Eisinophilic smoking related disease

A

Desquamative interstitial pneumonia
Respiratory brochiolitis associated interstitial lung disease

34
Q

Genetic factors involved in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

Mutation in TERT, TERC AND PARN AND RTEL1 WHICH ARE INVOLVED IN MAINTAINENCE OF TELOMERS

35
Q

Non neoplastic lung reaction to inhalation of mineral dust

A

Pneumoconioses

36
Q

Adverse effects of asbestos

A

Mesothelioma

37
Q

Coal workers pneumoconiosis or black lung disease

A

With silica inhalation in coalvdust mostly by carbon dust

Pathology (9 decks)

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