Blood Vessels

Question 1

Which arteries are called as elastic or large arteries

Answer 1

Aorta, subclavian, common carotid, and pulmonary arteries

Question 2

Medium size or muscular arteries

Answer 2

Smaller branches of aorta I.e coronary and renal arteries

Question 3

Lymphatics transports

Answer 3

Insterstial fluid and inflammatory cells from periphery to lymph nodes

Question 4

Capillaries share 3 layered architecture

Answer 4

False

Question 5

What are arteriovenous fistulas

Answer 5

Direct connections between arteries and veins that bypass capillaries

Question 6

Fibromuscular dysplasia

Answer 6

Focal irregular thickening in medium and large muscular arteries including renal, carotid, splanchnic and vertebral vessels

Question 7

Anamolous coronary artery

Answer 7

Developmental anomaly in which both coronary arteries arise over the same coronary cusp of aortic valve

Question 8

A sterotype response to vascular injury

Answer 8

Intimal thickening by smooth muscle cells and extra cellular matrix

Question 9

Excessive thickening of intimal layer leads to

Answer 9

Luminal stenosis and vascular obstruction

Question 10

Secondary hypertension causes are only(10%)

Answer 10

Related to renal or adrenal diseases

Question 11

Mechanisms of essential hypertension

Answer 11

By altering net sodium Reabsorbtion in kidney
Vasoconstrictive influences
Environmental factors such as stress, obesity, smoking etc…

Question 12

Hyaline arteriosclerosis

Answer 12

Leakage of plasma protein.
Ec damage, smc proliferation.
Most commonly seen in patients with severe hypertension and diabetes.

Question 13

Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

Answer 13

Severe hypertension
Vessels exhibit onion skin
Necrotizing arteriolitis in malignant hypertension.

Question 14

Monckeberg medial sclerosis

Answer 14

Calcification on medial walls of muscular arteries, typically starts along the internal elastic membrane.

Question 15

Homans sign is seen in

Answer 15

Phoebothrombosis and thrombophlebitis

Question 16

Superior vena cava syndrome

Answer 16

Dilation of veins of head, neck, arms with cyanisis
May also cause respiratory distress

Question 17

Inferior vena cava syndrome

Answer 17

Thrombosis of hepatic, renal, lower extermity veins that propagatrs cephalad
Which leads to massive protenuria

Question 18

Most common bacteria infection seen in lymphangitis

Answer 18

Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
Lymph nodes are filled with neutroohils and monocytes

Question 19

Primary lymphedema types

Answer 19

Either congenital or familial (milroy disease.

Question 20

In chronic lymph edema leads to

Answer 20

Ecm deposition and fibrosis seen as peau d’ orange or orange peel on skin
If there is back rupture in lymphatics secondary to tumor it causes milky accumulation called chylous ascitis, chylothrorax and chylopericardium

Question 21

Port wine stain (Tumor of blood vessels)

Answer 21

Involved trigeminal nerve aslo called as sturge weber syndrome
Mutation in GNAQ

Question 22

Spider telangiectasia

Answer 22

Common infacev, neck, upper chest, hyoerestrogenic states in pregnant women

Question 23

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasis

Answer 23

Autosomal dominant
By mutation in TGF betavof endothelial cells
Present at birth
Leads to Epistaxis, hematuria and gastrointestinal bleeding

Question 24

Glomus tumor

Answer 24

Painful benign tumor by involving Arteriovenous structure which are involved in Thermoregulation
Found under fingernails
Arise from smooth muscle cells

Question 25

Primary tumor in adults

Answer 25

Myxoma of gene mutation in GNAS1
Mostly in atria of left to right ratio 4:1

Question 26

Primary tumor in children

Answer 26

Rhabdomyoma of gene mutation in TSC 1 or TSC 2 tumor suppressor gene